|
Instrumental : |
The
instrumental case relation expresses the material cause of an
event, i.e., an animate object used for doing a particular work.
In other words, the instrumental case occurs with the nouns
inanimate being class and in this language, it is also expressed
by the post position l got, as in:
|
| |
sualik lati lgot
marise ‘the girl was beaten by a
stick’
tak makela lgot bandise
‘he/she was tied with a dothi’ etc.
|
| Locative
case: |
Local
function: We may now consider the so-called local function of
the case system as applicable to this language. The term local
would include both temporal and spatial distinctions. In the
system of local, a three-way oppositional feature is found,
viz., to a person/place, from a person/place and to/into an
inanimate object including a place. The last one, usually
designated as locative, occurs only with nouns inanimate being
class. The first is usually known as allative and the second as
ablative case relations A brief discussion of each follows:
|
| Allative : |
The
allative case relationship refers to the destination/ direction
to which the verb and the subject in the sentence moves. It is
marked in this language by the marker to, as in:
|
| |
moy tat
gorot jayse ‘I went to/upto that house’
moy tayot jayse ‘I
went to her/him’ etc.
|
| Ablative : |
The
ablative case is associated with removal (Lyons 1974 : 289). In
this langauge it has a limited function of indicating the
place/location from which a person/ object is removed. It is
marked by the post position pora, an in:
|
| |
moy tay
pora
hise
‘I came from him/her’
moy tay gor pora
hise
‘I came from his/her house’
moy tat skul pora
hise
‘I came from that school’
|
| Locative : |
The
locative case relation indicates the location of an item/person.
The locative case marker is te and occurs only with the Nanh and
Nina class of nouns, as in :
|
| |
nodite
‘in the river’
akaste ‘in the sky’
moste ‘in the fish’
puhute ‘in the cow’ etc.
|
|
Post positions
|
A few post positions occur in
this language. All of them occur after a noun/pronoun. Some of them
were cited along with the discussion of different case relations. The
remaining post positions have the local function of the case, but the
noun/pronoun plus the post position would be functionally adverbs, as
in :
|
| |
tay moy agote bohise
‘he/she sat in front of me’
|
The post positions like :
nice ‘below’, bitor ‘inside’, daynate ‘left side’, picote ‘behind’
come under this sub-class.
|
| 3.3. |
Verb
|
A verb in this
language was defined as belonging to that grammatical class which on
the paradigmatic axis is capable of showing opposition in tense and
modal and on the syntagmatic axis functions as the nucleus of a verb
phrase, for instance.
|
| |
jabo
‘will go’
jayse
‘went’
jabi
‘go (imp)’
jabole
‘to go’
tat gorot jabi ‘go to that house’ etc.
|
| 3.3.1. |
Morphological
construction:
|
From the
illustrative examples given above, the morphological constructins of a
simple verb can be presented schematically as :
|
| |
Root +
 |
There are
certain limitations in the use of this scheme. These are : (1) Only
the imperative and conditional modals can follow the verb root and
(ii) Only the permissive and infinitive modals follow Vf.
All other modals and aspects are formed by compound
construction consisting of a principle verb and an auxiliary verb. The
above scheme allows a total of four types of constructions which are
stated below:
|
| |
Root/stem alone
jay ‘go’
Root/stem+tense jayse ‘went’
Root/stem+modal jayle ‘if .
. . . goes’
Root+future+modal jabole ‘to go’ etc.
|
