| Nominative
: |
The nominative case usually indicates the subject of the
sentence. The nominative case is unmarked, as in:
suali girise ā€the girl fellā€™
moy suali l got jayse ā€I went
with the girlā€™ etc.
|
|
Accusative case : |
A noun/pronoun in the accusative case is said to be
affected by the action or state marks the object. If the verb is a diatransitive one, the accusative
marks the direct object. When the predicate has a diatransitive verb, the accusative is postposed to
the noun in the dative case relation. Both the nouns and the pronouns show the accusative
relationships but the Nina class of nouns do not mark it overtly. The accusative case relation is not
available when the predicate is a locative verb or a verb in intransitive construction, as in : |
| |
| moy sualik ekta dikhiise |
ā€I saw a girlā€™ |
| moy tak dikhiise |
ā€I saw him/herā€™ |
| moy guruk ekta dikhiise |
ā€I saw a cowā€™ |
| moy tat nodi dikhiise |
ā€I saw that riverā€™ |
| moy lorake ekta sualik dise |
ā€I gave a boy to
the girlā€™ etc. |
|
| Dative
case : |
The dative
case relation is associated with the act of giving. The most
typical function of the recipient, i.e., an animate being
passively implicated by the happening or of state. Functionally,
it marks the indirect object. In this language the dative is
marked by the case suffix ke. Only the nouns animate being show
these relationship in these langauges, as in :
|
| |
moy lorake
ekta sualik dise ā€I gave aboy to the
girlā€™
moy guruke pani dise
ā€I gave water to the cowā€™ etc.
|
| Genitive
case : |
The
genitive cae is the case of possession, for instance in the
phrase:
|
| |
suali gor
ā€house of the girlā€™ |
| |
1 2
2
1 |
suali
shows an adnominal possessive relationship with respect to the
house, i.e., suali ā€girlā€™ is the possessor and gor ā€houseā€™ is
the possessed item. Thus the most typical function of a genitive
is to modify a noun/pronoun in an endocentric construction which
is also the most typical function of an adjective. Therefore a
noun/pronoun in its genitive is functionally an adjective. In
this language genitive is marked syntactically through word
order in that in a determiner - determined construction, the
determiner is proposed to the determined noun, as in :
|
| |
suali
kitab ā€the girlā€™s bookā€™ |
| |
1
2 1
2 |
| |
moy kitab
ā€my bookā€™ |
| |
gas pta
ā€leaves of the three etc. |
| |
1
2
2
1 |
Sociative
case: |
The
sociative case refers to a special association or relationship
of a noun/pronoun in the VP with the noun/ pronoun functioning
as the subject, i.e., it has a commutative function (in company
with). Semantically the sociative and instrumental case
relations are the same except that the sociative occurs with the
Nouns animate being class and the instrumental case with the
Nouns inanimate being class. That could be a reason why the same
post position marks both the case relations in this language. a
VP with a verb in either transitive or intransitive construction
could have a noun/pronoun in the sociative relation. The post
position lĀ«got marks
this relationship, as in:
|
| |
tay moy lgot
jayse ā€he/she went with meā€™ |
| |
moy suali
lgot jayse
ā€I went with the girlā€™ |
