ama + a -> ama ‘to (the) mother’ 1        2 2             1 bucha + a  -> bucha ‘to (the) boy’ 1 2 2 1 delhi + a -> delhia ‘to Delhi’ 1 2 2 1 mi + a -> mia ‘to (the) man’ 1   2  2            1 bomo + a -> bomoa ‘to (the) girl’ 1          2    2            1
3.1.4.5.	Instrumental
The instrumental case expresses the inanimate force or object causally involved in the action or state identified by the verb. na * embo is used to express the instrumental case.
as hao:dana ńembo barbanpu čaqs 1     2      3 3 4 5 I broke the  window with (a)  hammer 1   5 4  3  2 rgyalpos rargina     ńembo khuri  dusmanpu      sas 1 2 3   3  4 5 6 (the)   king killed   his enemy with (a) sword 1          6 4         5 3                2 khos      a   twaqna ńembo hamlabas 1           2  3       4 4      5 he     attacked me          with (a)    gun 1            5    2              4              3
na alone can occur with a noun and express the instrumental case. Similarly ńembo may occur in a sentence without na to exprese the instrumental case. However, the occurrence of either na or ń embo is obligatory i.e. the noun without na or ńembo cannot express the instrumental case relationship in a sentence.
as hato:dana barbanpu čaqs   as hato:da ńembo barbanpu čaqs rgyalpos rargina khuri dusmanpu sas rgyalpos rargi ńembo khuri dusmanpu sas khos a  twaqna hamlabas     khos a  twaq ńembo hamlabas
3.1.4.6.	Sociative
This case expresses the meaning of association. It is also expressed by -na embo.
buchaw khuri atana ńembo sirinagarla so 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 (the) son went to srinagar with his father 1 7 6 5 4 2 3 khera i  atana ńembo yos   1 2   3  4 4 5   you    came with  my father     1 5 4 2 3     bomow  khuri amana  ńembo delhia  so     1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7     (the) daughter  went  to Delhi  with her mother   1 7 6 5 4 2 3
Both the instrumental and sociative use na ńembo to express these case relationships, In instrumental, either na or ńembo can occur independently with a noun. In sociative, ńembo can occur independently but not na. i.e., ńembo may or may not occur with na. na cannot occur independently. It always occudrs with ńembo.