The instrumental case expresses the inanimate force or object causally
involved in the action or state identified by the verb. na * embo is used to
express the instrumental case.
as
hao:dana
ńembo
barbanpu
čaqs
1 2
3
3
4
5
I broke the
window
with (a)
hammer
1 5
4
3
2
rgyalpos
rargina
ńembo
khuri
dusmanpu sas
1
2 3
3
4
5 6
(the) king
killed his
enemy
with (a) sword
1
6
4
5
3
2
khos
a
twaqna
ńembo
hamlabas
1
2
3
4
4
5
he attacked
me with
(a) gun
1
5
2
4
3
na alone can occur with a noun and express the instrumental case. Similarly
ńembo
may occur in a sentence without na to exprese the instrumental
case. However, the occurrence of either na or
ń
embo is obligatory i.e. the noun without
na or ńembo
cannot express the instrumental case relationship in a sentence.
This case expresses the meaning of association. It is
also expressed by -na embo.
buchaw
khuri
atana
ńembo
sirinagarla so
1
2
3 4
4
5 6 7
(the) son
went to
srinagar
with his
father
1
7 6
5
4 2
3
khera
i atana
ńembo
yos
1
2
3 4
4
5
you came
with my
father
1 5
4 2
3
bomow khuri
amana
ńembo
delhia so
1 2
3 4 4
5 6 7
(the) daughter
went to
Delhi with
her mother
1
7 6
5 4
2 3
Both the instrumental and sociative use na ńembo
to express these case relationships, In instrumental, either
na or ńembo
can occur independently with a noun. In sociative,
ńembo can
occur independently but not na. i.e., ńembo may or may not occur
with na. na cannot occur independently. It always occudrs with
ńembo.