(2) {d} s -> z/ - { } {g}
s + dums ® zdums ‘closed (tr)’
s + gels ® zgels ‘made to fall’
2.1.2.	Devoicing
Rule (3) presented here changes the voiced consonants into corresponding voiceless consonants. The process involved here is exactly opposite to the one stated in (1) and (2).
(3) [b] [p] { /--s } [d] -> [t] / {      } [g] [k] {      }
The voiced stop consonants b, d and g become voiceless stop consonants when they either precede or follows s.
zib + s ® zips ‘squeezed’
tab + s ® taps ‘sowed’
s + dulat ® strulat ‘sail (tr)’
s + gulba ® skulba ‘move (tr)’
Rule (4) states that z becomes s when it precedes p.
(4) z ® s/ -p
kamiz + pu ® kamispu ‘shirt’
2.1.3.	Deaspiration
The aspirated velar stop and voiceless palatal affricate become unaspirated when s precedes them.
(5) [kh] [k] [   ] --> [ ] / s- [ c ] [c]
s + khilba ® skilba ‘bend (tr)’
s + čhatpa ® * sčatpa čaptpa ‘cut (tr)’
2.1.4.	Fricative
Rule (6) changes the velar stop into voiced fricative when it occurs in between two vowels.
(6) q ® /v--v
čhaq + a ® čhaa?                          ‘did (x) break?’
(7) q ® /m-
baq + mo ® bamo                             ‘bride’
Rule (7) changes the uvular stop into fricative. The difference between rules (6) and (7) is that rule (6) brings about two changes i.e., first stop becomes fricative and second voiceless segment becomes voiced segment. Rule (7) changes the stop into fricative.
2.1.5.	Stop
Rule (8) reverses the process of rule (6) and (7).
(8) x ® k/s
s + olat ® skolat                                  ‘boil (tr)’
2.2.	Place of Articulation
Example of the following involves two rules to derive the required form.
zgrums + čik ® *zgrumš+ čik®
zgrumšik                                  ‘a short story’
It shows that a single rule cannot derive the form zgrumšik.
Rules (9) and (10) shown in this order derive the above form.
(9) s®š/-č
(10) č® Ę / š