It was mentioned
earlier (3.4.2) that amongst the three different sub-types of adverbs,
there is no fixed word-order for their occurrences, when all of them
occur as constituents of a single VP. Hence, amongst themselves, these
three sub-types do not form an adverb phrase, rather if all of them
occur as satellites in a verb phrase, each one directly modifies the
verb, i.e., each would be a direct referent to the nucleus verb and
hence would not form part of an adverb phrase. Each sub-type of the
adverbs, in its turn, could form adverb phrase, for instance, the
adverb of time in its turn has two sub-divisions, viz., whole unit of
time and part of the unit of time, as in :
|
moy tini b je
jayse ‘I went at 3 ‘o’ clock’
moy ajijayse
‘I went today’
|
If both of them
occur in a VP, the one which is part of the unit of time is postposed
to the whole unit, as in :
|
moy ajtini bje
jayse ‘I went at 3 ‘o’ clock today’
|
An adverb of
manner can form an adverb phrase with an intensifier functioning as a
satellite,1 and the word order is fixed, as in:
|
etom joldi
‘very quickly’
|
It was also
mentioned earlier that both the adverbs of time and adverb of location
and direction can form the nucleus of adverb phrases with particles hi
(reflexive) and bi ‘also’ functioning as satellite. The main
restriction in the occurrence of the particle is that only one of them
occur in any adverb phrase. Thus an adverb phrase in this langauge
would have the following structure.
|
Adv. P®±
instensifier + adverb ± P.
|
There are some
restrictions in the use of this formula. These are: The intensifier
occurs only with the advm. While the particle (P) occurs with advt
and advd it does not occur with advm.
In other words, both the intensifier and the particle cannot form
constituents of a single adverb phrase. Only one of them occurs in any
adverb phrase. An adverb phrase in this langauge can have a total of
three possibilities, which are stated below:
|
adverb alone
® joldi ‘quickly’
Intensifier+Advm ®
etom joldi ‘very quickly’
Advt/d + Particle
® ajdi ‘today also’, etc.
|
Having discused
the adverb phrase, we might move overb to the discussion of the post
positional phrases.
|
1An
intensifier cannot occur with an advt. or advb. Since an intensifier
can modify any advm. hereafter no reference would be made to the
intensifier while discussing adverb phrase, VP, etc.
|
Postpositional Phrases
|
In
the course of the discussion on the section on adverbs (3.4.2 & 3.5.2)
it was stated that the combined form of a noun/pronoun + certain
postpositions/case markers occur in adverbial slot and hence such
constructions were designated as functional adverbs. Phrases arising
out of such constructions would therefore ordinarily fall under the
category of adveb phrases, thereby eliminating the need for a separate
section on postpositional phrase. Despite that a separate section is
included here primarily because not all postpositional phrases come
under the category of functional adverbs/adverbial phrases.
|
A
post positional phrase may be defined as that one which may consist of
a NP followed by a case marker/post position. Within a VP, the post
positional phrase would be preposed to the nucleus verb.
|
The
postpositional phrases in this language could broadly be sub-divided
into three, viz., postpositonal phrase of : (i) position/direction,
(ii) cause or purpose, and (iii) temporal. Illustrative examples for
each of these sub-groups are given below.
|
(i)
postpositional phrase of position/direction
|
| sualitu gor bitorte
se |
‘the girl is inside the house’ |
| 1 2
3 4 5 6
|
(lit. girl specific house inside in
is) |
| |
1 2
3 4
5 6 |
| pator panite
se |
‘stone is in the water’ |
| 1 2
3 4 |
1
4 3
2 |
| tay pora uthayse |
‘took it from him/her’ |
| 1 2
3 |
3
2 1 |
| dukan pora dud pay |
‘got the milk from the shop’ |
| 1
2 3 4 |
4
3 2
1 |
| pator uprte
kharise |
‘stood on the stone’ |
| 1
2 3 4 |
|
| |
(lit. stone above on/in stood) |
| |
1 2
3 4 |
| tay usote bohise |
‘sat near her/him’ etc. |
| 1 2 3
4 |
4
2/3 1 |
|
(ii)
postpositional phrase of cause or purpose
|
| cori
kora nimiti jeyl khayse
‘made prisoner for robbery’ |
| 1
2 3 4
5 |
(lit. steal do
for jail ate) |
| |
1 2 3 4 5 |
