(a) appositive
construction
|
In appositive construction,
another noun/pronoun or NP is used to identity the nucleus.
Basically, the appositives are repeaters and in this language, the
appositive is placed without any connectives immediately after the
noun/pronoun with which it is in apposition. By this means, the nucleus
is further identified, as in :
|
tay khetimanu jayse
‘he, the peasant, went’
ila tic r jayse
‘Sheela, the teacher, went’, etc.
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(b) Co-ordinate
construction:
|
The co-ordinate NPs show that
the constituents are of equal rank. When two or more items are
coordinated, they are put together with or without a connective, as in
:
|
sonia
ru am
nhibo
‘Sonia and Shyma will not go’
sonia
ru ama
jayse
‘Soniya and Shyama went’
sonia
ru ama
jayse
‘Sonia and Shyama will go’
sonia, ama
ru vijaya jabo ‘Sonia, Shyama and Vijaya will go’,
etc.
|
(c) Alternative
construction:
|
A noun phrase having two or
more nouns/pronouns, may be connected by an alternative negative
particle for forming an alternative construction. In such an
alternative noun phrase construction also, each of the constituents of
the composite noun phrase would be, of equal status, as in:
|
| sonia nhole
yama jabo |
‘neither Sonia nor Shyama will go’ |
| 1 2
3 4 5 6 |
(lit. Sonia no even Shyama go will) |
| |
1 2 3
4 5 6 |
| |
|
|
The various constituents that
can form part of a noun phrase were discussed earlier. These may be
summarized in terms of the structure of a noun phrase:
|
| (a) appositive : N + N
® taykhan kehtimanu ‘he the peasent’ |
|
(b) coordinative: N±conj+N
® sonia
ru ama |
 |
‘Sonia and |
|
or sonia,
ama |
Shyama
|
|
|
(c) alternative: N+Neg+P+N
® Sonia nhole |
|
‘neither Sonia nor |
|
ama |
Shyama’ |
|
| (d) endocentric: |
| (i) N as the sole realization ® suali ‘girl’ |
| (ii) adj1+N ® bisi suali
‘many girls’ |
| ®
|
etom bisi etom |
 |
very many |
| |
donia suali |
very rich girls |
|
1The adj. would include a single adjective (two or
more adjectives including a functional adjective or a numeral), an adjective
phrase consisting of an intensifier and an adjective in endocentric
construction, etc. Hereafter all such occurrences would be treated as
identical to a single adjective for the purpose of discussing noun phrases,
clauses, etc.
|
| (iii) Dem+N |
® |
otu suali |
‘that girl’ |
| (iv) Dem+Adj+N |
® |
otu donia suali |
‘that rich girl’ |
| (v) Adj+N+adj |
® |
donia suali bisi |
‘many rich girls’ |
| (vi) N+P+P |
® |
sualitubi |
‘the girl also’ |
| adj=N+P+P |
® |
donia sualitubi |
‘the rich girl also’,
etc. |
|
Since any noun/pronoun can
form appositive/coordinate/alternative type of constructions,
hereafter while referring to a noun phrase, these three types of
constructions would be considered as on par with a single noun. The
structure of a noun phrase consisting of an endocentric construction
is stated below:
|
NP ® (i) ± Dem±....adj+N±
 |
| (ii) ± adj + Pronoun ±
P. |
| This would give a total of 12 possibilities. |
| N |
alone suali |
‘girl’ |
| N+P |
sualitu |
‘the girl’ |
| N+P+P |
sualitubi |
‘the girl also’ |
| N+adj |
suali bisi |
‘many girls’ |
| Dem+N+adj |
otu suali donia |
‘tha beautiful girl’ |
| Dem+adj+N |
otu suali sualibi |
‘that beautiful girl also’ |
| Dem+Adj+N+P |
otu donia sualibi |
‘that beautiful girl also’ |
| Pronoun alone |
moy |
‘I’ |
| pro+P |
moybi |
‘I also’ |
| pro..+Pro. |
sob moykhan |
‘all of us’ |
| pro+pro+P |
sob moykhanbi |
‘all of us also’ |
|
All the possiblities listed above can occur with any noun/pronoun.
Since this is a general possibility, herafter, all refernces to a noun
phrase would be treated as:
|
| NP ® N |
i.e., a noun being the sole realisation of a NP, whenever, NP is referred
to in relation to a clause, sentence, etc.
|
3.5.3.
|
Adverb Phrase |
On the basis of their semantic domain, the adverbs in this
language were
sub-grouped into three, viz., adverbs of manner advm.,
adverbs of time advt and adverbs of direction and
location advd.
|
Each of them in turn modifies a verb, as in :
|
|
joldi jayse ‘went soon’
aj jayse ‘went today’
tat jayse ‘went there, etc.
|
