| With
this general remark, about the insertion of subjects and objects,
the distribution for each can be examined in detail - |
| I.
Distribution of pronominal subject suffixes: |
| In all personal constructions
the pronominal suffixes for the subject are essential parts. They
occur with all the stems, through all the tenses and moods. Their
positions vary according to the following rules: |
| (a) When any
word or phrase. precedes the verb, they are suffixed of word or phrase.
That word or phrase may be subjunctive, adjective or any other particle,
as in - |
|
/mid nidae
kupulen jana/
|
‘he
become a guest one night’
|
|
/pura?
ge-e rasika jana/
|
‘he
became very much happy’
|
|
|
| (b) In case
of no word preceding, the subject is added to the f.v.m. as a suffix: |
| /paelaki?ae/ ‘she
bound her sari across her chest’. However, optionally if even
any word precedes, subject still may be suffixed to f.v.m.: |
|
/teba?
kedeilel jadae/
|
‘after
reaching he saw’
|
|
|
| (c) In case
of indeterminate imperfect, if is suffixed either to the f.v.m. a
in/ mid raja taikenae/ ‘there had been a king’ or to the
word preceding the verb. |
| (d) In all
other imperfects, generally the subject is inserted between the tense
marker and the particle/tainken/. If there is an object also, it occurs
between the above two but after the object, as in - |
/leljadkoi
taikena/ |
‘I
had been seeing them’ |
|
|
| optionally, here
also the subject may either be suffixed to the f.v.m or to any word
proceeding the verb. |
| The
position of the subject continues optionally in between the tense
and ‘taiken’ even in case of definite imperfects where the
object precedes the tense marker/ten/. |
| III Distribution
of direct and indirect objects with transitive roots: |
| The connection of
direct and indirect objects may be assumed to be the same as held
in English or Hindi, i.e., an action when performed may either be
directly affecting some one or some one ore some thing or indirectly
affecting it. |
| The indirect object
in Mundari also denotes the same relation for which thedative in Sanskrit
stands. |
| The indirect object
takes the prefix of /a/ with all the personal objects in indeterminate,
simple future and definite present and the corresponding imperfects.
This also gives an evidence of treating/tan/not as a tense-marker
or even an aspect marker in technical sense, because all other tense-markers,
apart from Ę
do not prefix the f.v.m. /a/ before the indirect objects. |
| (A)
Distribution of the indirect objects: |
| a) The indirect
objects generally stand apart form the verbal construction with the
postposition ‘nagente’, ‘ta?te’, `tai’ and
their synonyms. In such case, the pronominal form is complete with
the f.v.m. /a/. |
| b) Indirect
object is inserted in the transitive in follwing situations: |
| i) Where words
denoting ‘to give’, ‘to lend’ and their synonym
are used, as in - |
|
/kamieam
jadlea/
|
‘he
is giving work to us’
|
|
|
| ii) When the
words denoting feeling and experience areused transitively as ‘to
like’ or ‘to hate’ etc., they |
/sukuaiai/
|
‘I
like him’
|
|
|
