| (b)
Interntional: It denotes intention to do an act. It is limited to
an indeterminate, past and future tenses. It takes the marker/ta/which
stands for ‘staying or continuity’. While it stands alone
with finite verb marker in the indeterminate and future it takes/ked/
which togethe becomes ta+ked = tad in the past. |
| (c) Imperative:
It stands for demand on the part of the listner to do an action. There
is no separate marker for this, but it employs the morphological method
of eliminating the finite verb marker or plural markers -m, -ben and
-pe respectively. /-m/ coming after a consonant may take euphonic
[e] or [a]. This is only example where verb is retained without the
finite verb marker. |
| (d) Optative:
Here an action is dervied or conceived to be possible. It stands for
polite precative as well as permissive. The marker for this is /k/,
which stands between the tense marker and f.v.m. just in contrast
to /ta/, which stands before the tense marker as in /tad/. In future,
however, in the absence of a tense marker it stands between the root
and the f.v.m. if there is no object. |
| All moods except
indicative may be termed as subjunctive. |
| 2.4.2.6.2
Distribution of mood: |
| Indicative mood having
no marker is used with all the aspects and tenses with both types
of verbs transitive and intransitive, including the passive formations
and corresponding imperfects of the eight tenses. |
| The intentional mood,
with the marker /ta/, as already indicated has a very restricted distribution
with simple future and aorist. In case of the former, however, it
is used both with transitive and intransitive. While in the case of
aorist it is only with the transitive. The imperfects of these tenses
also take the intentional/ta/. This mood at times may also be superimposed
with other moods like imperative and optative to denote essentiality. |
| The
imperative with the morphological changes, alreary stated, comes with
the following three aspects: |
| (i)
Non-completive indeterminative, |
| (ii) Completive
priorative non-resultative determinative, |
| (iii) Non-completive
progressive determinative, |
| and along with the
intentional in case of future it occurs with the following six tenses:
indeterminate, simple future, intentional (or static) future, anterior
past, anterior future and continuative present. This mood is used
with both the verbs. |
| The optative is comparable
to the imperative with regard to its distribution. It occurs with
all the aspects stated above but as for tenses it is used in all except
the anterior past, enumerated above. This is applicable to both transitive
and intransitive including the passive formation. The marker /k/ of
this mood is placed immediately before f.v.m. when the object, if
any, precedes it. It can occur with all types of stems including passive,
reflexive and reciprocal. |
| 2.4.2.6.3.
Functions of the optative: |
| As the optative in
Mundari performs different functions both semantically and grammatically,
a separate treatment is needed for this. The optative is used to express
either desire or permission or concession or favour. These varied
functions are performed in the following manner: |
| (i) In most
of the intransitive forms, for the anterior future, this mood brings
about a change in the tense marker itself, where the affix/ko/is added
to the root standing both for anterior future as well as the polite
pracative, as in - |
|
senkoai
‘may I go firts, please?’
|
|
or ‘let me first go’
|
| (ii) In the
above situation, if /le/is inserted which by itself implies impoliteness
with the intransitive verbs, /k/ may be suffixed to express a desire
or invitation in a polite manner, as in - |
