| modifier
as in go?e - anjed, where the first root is only modifying the principal
root coming latter. This is however an idiomatic use go?e ‘to
die’, anjed ‘to dried’, but go?e - anjed ‘to be
numb’. |
| (ii) Compounding
of two roots, where the second root is a modifier is in nir - idi
‘to run from’ or nurau ‘to run to’. |
(iii) Compounding
of a root and a particle : The adverbial postpositions like ba a,
tab, tuka are added to give an idiomatic meaning, as sen-baa
‘to go about’ hiju?tab ‘to come quickly’, sen-biur
‘to go around’, kajituka ‘to tell before hand’
etc. |
(iv) Compounding
of the secondary internally changed forms: The intransitive roots
have comparatively more such as compounds as copared to the transitives,
as in -dukur-cukur ‘to stagger’ or  o?e-o?
‘to tap’. |
| This type of words
also occurs in complete reduplication, as in |
|
|
| 2.4.2.
Formative elements: |
| Among the formative
elements which complete the verbal structure after the bases are formed
are the following - marker for the finite verb, markers for transitive
and intransitive, aspect markers, tense markers, markers for the mood,
personal affixes and other affixes which make the verbs impersonal
and those which stand for case-relations. These are all bound forms,
but some are tightly bound some other loosely bound and some other
like post-positions or particles are free forms. A tightly bound form
has fixed positions with respect to the morpheme to which it is suffixed,
while the loosely bound form can change its postion. |
| 2.4.2.1.
Marker for the finite verb: |
| No finite verb can
be formed in Mundari without suffixing the finite verb marker /a/
throughout all the aspect and tenses. A bare stem which is the infinitive
form may be used as a noun or adjective, but as soon as it
is suffixed with/a/, it becomes a verb. However, this element is not
tightly bound with the stem, rather aspect and tense markers are inserted
between the two and in that case, it is suffixed to them. |
| 2.4.2.2.
Markers for the transitive and intransitive: |
| As already indicated
elswhere there are cases where there is no clear cut formal distinction
between transitive and intransitive roots except for the morphological
processes they employ for stem-formation and conjugation. The two
different functions can be identified by the following markers: |
| (i) All the
causative and reciprocal stems are dealt transitively and all the
passive and reflexive stems intransitively. |
| (ii) /-d/
is the marker for the transitive and /-n/ for the intranstive, added
to all the tense-aspect markers. |
| (iii) Transitive
verbs have pronominal suffixes representing as direct and /or indirect
objects while the intransitive verbs have no direct object but they
may insert indirect objects, as defined in ยง2.5.2.7.2. |
| (iv) Both
of them have some irregularities in the construction for tense, which
will be dealt with along with them. |
| 2.4.2.3.
Markers for the aspects: |
| The aspect denotes
the course and the result of an action or event. Mundari has a number
of aspects, which have been semantically classified by Rev. Hoffmann
in the following manner. Here, only the motivative resultative of
completive is not included because it is suspected to be a mood rather
than an aspect. Any action in its course may be either non-completive
or completive. Both have two broad divisions. e.g., indeterminative
and determinative. Determinative in the non-completive is of two types.
progressive and durative, while determinative in the completive may
be resaltative or ono-resulative. The resultative determinative denotes
and accomplished fact, while the non-resultative may be either prioratative,
interruptive or discontinuative. |
