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modifier as in go?e - anjed, where the first root is only modifying the principal root coming latter. This is however an idiomatic use go?e ‘to die’, anjed ‘to dried’, but go?e - anjed ‘to be numb’.
(ii) Compounding of two roots, where the second root is a modifier is in nir - idi ‘to run from’ or nurau ‘to run to’.
(iii) Compounding of a root and a particle : The adverbial postpositions like baa, tab, tuka are added to give an idiomatic meaning, as sen-baa ‘to go about’ hiju?tab ‘to come quickly’, sen-biur ‘to go around’, kajituka ‘to tell before hand’ etc.
(iv) Compounding of the secondary internally changed forms: The intransitive roots have comparatively more such as compounds as copared to the transitives, as in -dukur-cukur ‘to stagger’ or o?e-o? ‘to tap’.
This type of words also occurs in complete reduplication, as in

liib
-liib
‘to beat (of heart)’
oko
-oko
‘to knock’

2.4.2. Formative elements:
Among the formative elements which complete the verbal structure after the bases are formed are the following - marker for the finite verb, markers for transitive and intransitive, aspect markers, tense markers, markers for the mood, personal affixes and other affixes which make the verbs impersonal and those which stand for case-relations. These are all bound forms, but some are tightly bound some other loosely bound and some other like post-positions or particles are free forms. A tightly bound form has fixed positions with respect to the morpheme to which it is suffixed, while the loosely bound form can change its postion.
2.4.2.1. Marker for the finite verb:
No finite verb can be formed in Mundari without suffixing the finite verb marker /a/ throughout all the aspect and tenses. A bare stem which is the infinitive form may be used as a noun or adjective, but as soon as it is suffixed with/a/, it becomes a verb. However, this element is not tightly bound with the stem, rather aspect and tense markers are inserted between the two and in that case, it is suffixed to them.
2.4.2.2. Markers for the transitive and intransitive:
As already indicated elswhere there are cases where there is no clear cut formal distinction between transitive and intransitive roots except for the morphological processes they employ for stem-formation and conjugation. The two different functions can be identified by the following markers:
(i) All the causative and reciprocal stems are dealt transitively and all the passive and reflexive stems intransitively.
(ii) /-d/ is the marker for the transitive and /-n/ for the intranstive, added to all the tense-aspect markers.
(iii) Transitive verbs have pronominal suffixes representing as direct and /or indirect objects while the intransitive verbs have no direct object but they may insert indirect objects, as defined in ยง2.5.2.7.2.
(iv) Both of them have some irregularities in the construction for tense, which will be dealt with along with them.
2.4.2.3. Markers for the aspects:
The aspect denotes the course and the result of an action or event. Mundari has a number of aspects, which have been semantically classified by Rev. Hoffmann in the following manner. Here, only the motivative resultative of completive is not included because it is suspected to be a mood rather than an aspect. Any action in its course may be either non-completive or completive. Both have two broad divisions. e.g., indeterminative and determinative. Determinative in the non-completive is of two types. progressive and durative, while determinative in the completive may be resaltative or ono-resulative. The resultative determinative denotes and accomplished fact, while the non-resultative may be either prioratative, interruptive or discontinuative.
 

 

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