|
1
2
|
|
Drawling-inU
Æ pe
|
‘(do)
play, (if you like)’
|
|
1 2
|
|
Clipping-inUpe
|
‘(go
and) play (why are you standing here?)’
|
|
|
| 1.11.
Summary of the phonemes , with principal
allophones: |
Munda has the following consonant phonemes: p,b,t,d, , ,c,j,k,g,m,n, ,r,l,s,h. |
|
Among the vowel phonemes are: a,e,i,o,u, each of which may also become
non-syllabic. |
|
Junctures are two : plus and terminal. |
|
Intonation levels are three and three contours : 1, 2, 3, ; Æ
,,
| . |
|
All consonants except /ø/
and//
occur initially before a vowel. |
|
All consonants except /h/ occur medially. |
| Only b, d, g, m,
n, ,
r and l occur finally in a word. The occurrences of the different
consonants within a word can be tabulated in the following way: |
| (i) Between
space and a vowel : /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, //,
//, /c/,
/j/, /k/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /s/ and /h/. |
| (ii) Between
vowel and a vowel: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, //,
/·/,
/c/, /j/, /k/, /g/, /m/, /n/, //
,/l/, /r/ , and /s/. |
| (iii) Between
vowel and a consonant: /p/, /t/, //,
/c/, /k/, /n/, //,
//, /m/,
/l/, /b/, /g/, /d/, /r/, //,
and /s/. |
| (iv) Between
consonant and a vowel: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /t/, //,
/c/, /j/, /k/, /g/, /r/, /l/, /s/, /m/, and /n/. |
| (v)
Between consonant and a consonant : /b/, /d/, /g/ (rare). |
| (vi) Between
vowel and a pause: /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, //,
/r/, /l/. |
| No consonant occurs
(a) between pause and a consonant, and (b) between consonant and a
pause. |
| All the five vowels
occur in all the three positions. |
| Among the important
allphones are the pre-glottalized [b] and [d] occurring finally or
before a consonant, the glottal stop [?], an allophonic variation
of /g/, finally and before a consonant. Again, is the flap [r],
an allophone of []
occurring intervocalically, after a nasalized vowel and in conjunct
with a consonant. Before another plosive, the unvoiced /p/, /t/, //,
/k/ and /c/ have allophones in complex sounds with a vocalic release
or a transitional vowel. In positions
¹CV-V¹,
or ¹V-VC¹
the sound p, t, , k have long allophones, i.e., added duration of contact. |
| Nasalization is diphonemic
and belongs to both /n/ and /N/. |
Among
the vowels the most striking is [ ],
an allophone of /a/ in positions  ,
or ¹/C
/¹,
i.e., due contact with /u/ or /i/ in preceding syllable. Inervocalically
/i/ has allophone in [y] and /u/ in [w]. Sequence of two indetical
vowels is a long vowel. |
| Among the non-phonemic
feature are stress for emphasis, prominence or glottalizaiton. The
contour pitch or stretched (musical) pitch are both redundant. There
are also dependent segments or [y] and [w] glides, where the former
is heard between i-a, e-a and o-e, while the latter between 0-a, u-a
and a-o. |
| 1,19. A note on orthography:
The unit or the utterance occurring between two plus junctures is
to be treated as a word, this is to be marked by space in orthography.
The semi-free |
|
