| Mundari
also this can be observed within a morpheme, as in /hon/, mid/, /si/,
etc., |
1.16.2.2. Junctures
indicated by space: A discernible pause can be perceived in a long
stretch of utterance in a slow rate of speech at one or more points,
which is more distinct than any other situation of pause introduced
even purposefully and to specify this space is given between two sequences
of phonemes in the conventional orthography, as in [hola ai do
ka man·i
jom kedai] |
1.16.2.3. Juncture
indicated by hyphen: At points there may be an impression of separation
of one part of phoneme sequence or a single phoneme from rest of the
body though a total separation may not be admitted by the informants.
However, if asked to pronounce the corpus clearly or emphatically
they may render it separate. Therefore, occasionally the hyphen may
also be replaced by space in orthography, as in /man i-utu/
~ /maniutu/. |
1.16.2.4. Junctures
indicated by a question-mark: A juncture is clearly perceived at such
points where there is a sharp rise in the utternace-pitch and even
if the speech may continue after it, this rise in pitch gives the
impression of an utterance end, as in [ci?], [pii i to seno? kedam?] etc. |
| 1.16.2.5. Junctures
indicated by colon and dash: Munda speech does no differentiate between
the two in speech events and perhaps generally they are interchangeable
in English or Hindi as well. We can perceive a slow fall or a sharp
fall in the pitch without a jerk to indicate such a juncture in this
langauge as in [ha(am teta-aia-e ci-]. |
| 1.16.2.6. Junctures
indicated by note of exclamation and sometimes by a comma: In Munda
also we find such junctures where a sharp fall in the pitch with a
jerk may be perceived and the utterance is brought to a sudden end,
while for comma the end may
not be so, though the fall of the pitch is sharp enough, as in [hela!]
or [miad, baria, apia. . . .] |
| 1.16.2.7. Junctures
indicated by semi-colon and comma: If without a rise or fall, the
pitch is sustained for a duration in the speech event a juncture takes
place at such points which may be indicated in orthography iether
by semi-colon or comma in Mundari since there is no difference between
the two for this dialect-[hola ai man·i
jom kedai,utu-o
jom kedai]. |
| 1.16.2.8. Junctures
indicated by a full stop: The sustained pitch if held for some added
duration is juncture of this type. It is perceived in Munda like in
any other language to mark the end of a simple statement. |
| 1.16.3.
Phonemisizaiton and Dsitribution |
| 1.16.3.0. Criteria
for phonemisization: For setting up the phoneme of open juncture,
the following points are to be considered: |
| i) If there
is a minimal pair of close juncture contrasting with the open juncture,
a phoneme of juncture is to be established. |
| ii) If the
allophonic variations of segmental phonemes are to be explained with
reference to their occurrence at border points or an open juncture,
the juncture in itself will be said to be phonemic in order to avoid
the unmanageable increase in the number of segmental phonemes. |
| iii) If there
occur other types of phonetic modifications or restrictions, the reason
for which can be assigned to the presence of open juncture, while
a replacement of close juncture may result in elimination of such
modification and restrictions, the open juncture will be said to be
in a contrasting position and hence phenemic. |
| iv) If the
suprasegmental features of stress or pitch appear due to the presence
of a juncture and they modify in any way |
