| 1.16.1.1.
Pause as a general characteristics: The most obvious indentification
of the occurrence of a juncture is perception of a pause, i.e., cessation
of articulation for whatever period within a speech event. Either
the preceding phoneme may be clipped with discernible break or it
may be replaced by a stretching of the preceding sound or drawling
indicating a potential pause. For example, in/ aiNdokasenoga/,
the first/o/ is stretched for a considerable duration so that a juncture
at this point can rightly be suspected. |
| 1.16.1.2. Distributional
characteristics of phonemes: The allophonic variations and distributional
restrictions with regard to a phoneme are to a large extent effected
by presence or absence of a juncture, there in its turn such a phenomenon
functions as an indicator of a juncture. In Mundari the following
distributional characterstics help in identifying an open juncture: |
(i) Occurrence
of glottalized /b/ and /d/ and the [?] as well as [ ] finally in a word indicates that if they are found medially
there is an open juncture after them. |
| (ii) Since
no stop (other than the above) nor / s /s and /h/ occur finally they
can be suspected to be preceded by an open junture. The unvoiced stops
take a transitional vowel to indicate the juncture before the following
consonant. |
| (iii) No two
consonants occur together within the same syllable, therefore a juncture
divides the two into separate segments according to syllable criterion. |
| (iv) Clustering
of non-homorganic consonants can usually be suspected to have an open
juncture in between marking morphemic boundary e.g., /senhora/ ‘the
way to go’. |
| 1.16.1.3. Stress
for emphasis or prominence: Stress used in any capacity becomes a
marker of a juncture since it keeps the stressed segment apart from
the unstressed one by means of a |
| junture
, as in do + pola ‘to keep a ring’. Here both forms are
two separate marphemes marked by a stress on the former. In case of
evenness of the stress the whole form will remain one word. |
| 1.16.1.4. Pitch or
tone: A rise in pitch or a sharp fall within utterance indicates an
open juncture as if the situation is in final of an utterance as in
the case of the terminals. Note of exclamation, comma, address, colon,
semi-colon or dash etc., all indicate a juncture at the point of such
occurrences. These are all the orthopgraphic representation of pitch
variations. |
| 1.16.1.5. Occurrence
of a clitic: Such forms, morphologically which are semi-ree forms,
i.e., phonologically boud but grammatically free, either prefixed
or suffixed to a free form but they have a juncture in between to
mark the agglutination, as in tana-i, the pronominal suffix /i/
not occurring freely in this form is a clitic and is added to /tana/
with an open juncture in between. |
| 1.16.2.
Listing of the junctures |
| 1.16.2.0. Introduction:
All the types of junctures can be listed for Mundari without reference
to their duration. In a careful speech one may use two or three levels
of duration to differentiate on juncture from another or even to clarify
the word boundaries but in actual connected speech such distinctions
are not made or they become irrelevant. Here, before the stage of
phonemisization the different junctures are being named by the orthographic
representations, selected arbitrarily. |
| 3.16.2.1. Junctures
indicated by keeping the phonemes together: Basically, when two or
more phonemes are represented together, articulatorily they are supposed
to be within a syllable. In such case, the transition between the
segments cannot be perceived by the ear nor the pronunciation can
be made to give a pause in between to denote the juncture. Like in
any other language, in |
