| (a) Impersonal
constructions: |
|
Affirmative
|
: bulu -ko
mena?
|
‘There
is salt’
|
|
Negative
|
: bulu-ko
bano?
|
‘There is
no salt’
|
|
|
| (b) Personal
construtions: /baN/ is used
as intranstive root with the meaning ‘not to be existing’: |
|
bajanae
‘he has been non-existent’
|
| Pronominal object
in reflexive sense has been illustrated by Hoffmann (P.174): |
|
banaijanae
‘he has become on more’
|
| In participal form
/baN/ may be used in phrases
within a sentence or a clause: |
|
ena-apu
ba-ko
leka ‘as if there are no father and mother’
|
| 4.2.3. Negative
with /alo/ : An affirmative sentence in imperative or moods marked
by /k/, is changed to negative by the use of the particle /alo/
‘don’t. Use of /alo/ is realized syntactically in the following
manner. |
| (a) Negative
imperative: The following marker /me/, and add /m/ to /alo/, then
place it before the verb. |
| (i) Remove
the imperative marker /me/, and add /m/ to /alo/, then place it
before the verb. |
| (ii) Suffix
the imperonal /a/ to the verb root, more particularly if the root
has not been derived for any voice. |
| Illustration
|
| lelo?me ‘look!’ |
| alom lelo? ‘don’t
look’ |
|
But, alom lela ‘don’t look’
|
| The elliptical
form takes /a?/ as the impersonal and expresses general forbidding
- |
| aloma? ‘don’t (do)!’ |
| (b) Negative
precative (concessive or optative): The following rules are employed
for this purpose: |
| (i) Remove
the mood marker /ka/ from the verb phrase and suffix it to /alo/,
then place it before the verb. |
| (ii) Remove
the pronominal suffix from the verb and suffix it to the alo-phrase. |
| (iii) Suffix
the impersonal /a/ to the verb root, more particularly, if the root
is not derived for voice. |
| Illustration |
|
lelkae
|
‘let him see’
|
|
alokae lela
|
‘don’t
let him see’
|
|
|
| The elliptical
form takes /a?/ as impersonal with the alo-phrase- |
|
alokaea? ‘don’t let him (do)’
|
| As
a reported speech or in form of intention, negative optative may
be used in third person - |
| alokae sena mente-enere
kamirikajadmea (Hoffmann, P. 171) ‘he make you work here so that
(you) may not go’ |
| Here, /alokae sena/
is in third person as it is intended that ‘one may not go’, etc. |
| 4.3.
Transformation rules for questions: |
| A simple statement
can be transformed into one of the two major types of questions
which may be either yes-no type or interrogative type. A question
is employed where an answer response is expected. Transformation
rules differ for the two types of questions. Intonation pattern
undergoes a change in most cases after these transformations. |
| 4.3.1.
Yes-no type questions: |
| Such
questions expect reply in either yes or in no, and may be used without
or with markers. |
