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Illustration for rule (a)

active
: sobenko jomnukeda
‘All of them took the meals’
passive
: sobenkote jomnukena
   ‘Meals were taken by all of them’

Rule (a) is valid for the reflexive transformation also, in which case the derivation is made by suffixing /en/ to the root. Since subject and object both are identical in such cases, there is no representation of object anywhere, while the subject undergoes no change of position.
Illustration

active
 : leltanai
‘I see (it)’
passive
 : lelentanai
‘I see myself’

Such reflexive form eliminates the possibility of consturcitons like /lelitanai/ ‘I see me (myself)’.
 4.2. Negative constructions:
A kernel affirmative statement may be changed into negative by means of any of the three merkers /ka/, bano?/ and /alo/. /ka/ is a general term for negative and is used both morphologically and syntactically, while /bano?/ and /alo/ have only syntactic uses.
4.2.1. Negative with /ka/: Morphologically, /ka/ marks the negative of any nominative, adjectival or adverbial forms, syntactically it has the following uses:
(a) An affirmative indicative sentence may be changed to negative one by placing /ka/ immediately before the verb for the purpose of negating the action. The pronominal subject in micro-form is added to this particle:

  affirmative      : lija? kiritanai       ‘I purchase cloth’             

    negative      : lija? kai kiri-tana      ‘I do not purchase cloth’ 

Refusal to do anything is expressed by impersonal constructions, where /ka/ is suffixed to the verb root: 
4.2.2. Negative with bano? : Any affirmative sentence which indicates the existence of anything with /mena?/ can be made negative by the use of /bano?/ in place of /mena?/, /bano?/ has the form /baN/ in personal constructions. Like /mena?/, it plays the role of a finite verb.
 

 

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