| Illustration
for rule (a) |
|
active
|
: sobenko
jomnukeda
|
‘All of them
took the meals’
|
|
passive
|
: sobenkote
jomnukena
|
‘Meals were taken by all of them’
|
|
|
| Rule (a) is valid
for the reflexive transformation also, in which case the derivation
is made by suffixing /en/ to the root. Since subject and object
both are identical in such cases, there is no representation of
object anywhere, while the subject undergoes no change of position. |
| Illustration |
|
active
|
: leltanai
|
‘I see (it)’
|
|
passive
|
: lelentanai
|
‘I see myself’
|
|
|
Such reflexive
form eliminates the possibility of consturcitons like /leli tanai/
‘I see me (myself)’. |
| 4.2.
Negative constructions: |
| A kernel affirmative
statement may be changed into negative by means of any of the three
merkers /ka/, bano?/ and /alo/. /ka/ is a general term for negative
and is used both morphologically and syntactically, while /bano?/
and /alo/ have only syntactic uses. |
| 4.2.1. Negative
with /ka/: Morphologically, /ka/ marks the negative of any nominative,
adjectival or adverbial forms, syntactically it has the following
uses: |
| (a) An affirmative
indicative sentence may be changed to negative one by placing /ka/
immediately before the verb for the purpose of negating the action.
The pronominal subject in micro-form is added to this particle: |
|
affirmative
: lija? kiritanai
‘I purchase cloth’
|
|
negative
: lija? kai
kiri-tana
‘I do not purchase cloth’
|
| Refusal to do anything
is expressed by impersonal constructions, where /ka/ is suffixed
to the verb root: |
| 4.2.2. Negative
with bano? : Any affirmative sentence which indicates the existence
of anything with /mena?/ can be made negative by the use of /bano?/
in place of /mena?/, /bano?/ has the form /baN/
in personal constructions. Like /mena?/, it plays the role of a
finite verb. |
