|
Common Transformation
Rules
|
| 4.0
Introduction: The kernel sentence in Mudari is simple active, affirmative,
statement type. A number of simple and complex transformations are
possible with such sentences. Apart from the sentences being compound
and complex type, there exist simple transformation rules fom change
in voice, affirmative to nagative or statement to question, command
and request. Here, the word transformation is being used in formal
sense for relating two sentences, rather than for relating sentences
to meaning, Mundari does not employ any system for differntiating
a direct narration from an indirect one. It is correct to say that
there is no indirect discourse in this dialect. The only marker
used in such case is /mente/ ‘saying’ or ‘having said’. |
| /mente/ cannot
be treated as a marker for indirect discourse as W.A. cook has conceived
of, for the simple reason that otherwise there is no structural
difference in the two types of discourses as far as tense is concerned.
Again, use of /mente/ is just a matter of option and signifies only
the presence of a reported speech. /mente/ simply stands for inverted
comma as in case of sanskrit where /iti/ is used for that very purpose.
As for example: |
asur ku i-ko
kuli ki?a hela! neado cikan kakala aiumo?tana |
|
‘The Asur girls asked ‘hay! what shouting is being heard?’ |
| may optionally
be used as - |
|
asur kui-ko
kuli ki?a hela! neado cikan kakala aiumo? tana mente |
|
‘The Asur girls asked by saying hay! what shouting is being heard’ |
| In absence of a
finite verb, /mente/ relates the subordinate clause to the main
clause by expressing an adverb of puropose. |
| 4.1.
Trasnformation rules for voice: |
| Active voice
has no marker, against which the passive takes /o?/ and the refexive
/en/, immediately after the verb root. These morkers are used for
derivation of the verb stem from active to passive and reflexive
in the same manner as /p/ is infixed for the reciprocal, so that
the verbs like /aiumo?/, /tingun/, /lepel/, may be derived to mean
‘to be heard’, ‘to stand oneself’ and ‘to see each other’ respectively. |
| Syntactically,
the passive is formed by observing the following rules: |
| (a) Derived
verb stem is used in tenses with Ę, tan
and jan and underived in other tenses. However, in latter case the
intransitive tense markers are used with the transitive root. |
| (b) While
active constructions without direct object are transtormed into
passive, the pronominal subject is left intact with its changed
function as an object. |
| (c) In cases,
where micro objects and subjects both are used, first of all both
of them are eliminated from the verb phrase. Thereafter, the macro
object is placed in the syntactic position of the subject in nominative
without marker. The subject may either altogether be eliminated
or in macro form it is placed in the syntactic position of object
with any of the instrumental marker like /te/. /a?-te/, /horate/
etc. |
| Illustration for
rule (b) |
|
active
|
: leltanai
|
‘I see (it)’
|
|
passive
|
: lelo?tanai
|
‘I am seen’
|
|
|
| Illustration for
rule (c) |
|
active
|
: omamtanai
|
‘I give you
(something)’
|
|
passive
|
: am aite
amo?tana
|
‘you are given
(something) by me’
|
|
|
