| /en/, /ne/, /han/,
/ja/, etc., and the adverbial phrases they form are made to function
intransitively in the clauses. These phrases are loosely juxtaposed
to the copula-phrase. No voice marker is used in such situations.
The tense marker, according to the intransitive function takes /-n/
finally. The copula phrase can take any of the personal pronouns in
micro forms as subject, but usually such subjcets are suffixed to
the adverbial phrase: |
|
kotem tana ?
|
‘where are you
. . . (going)?’
|
ja?ati
kena ?
|
‘by whatever
I have . . . (done)?’
|
|
|
| It is to be noted
that such adverbial phrases in absence of a verb root indicate restricted
actions of going or doing only. Thus, the primary elements in such
case are: |
|
P+M+T+C+S or PS+M+T+C
|
| Where P stands for
the adverbial phrase. The subject is placed optionally either suffixed
to C or to P. No voice marker is used in this case. |
| The very fact that
S can be suffixed to the adverbail phrase indicates that this phrase
itself is not performing the function of the intransitive verb, rather
it causes the ellips of the finite verb required for the intended
intransitive action. No verb root, otherwise, can immediately suffix
a pronominal subject. |
| Secondary elements
of nominal subject in macro form and the nominal indirect object,
similarly, can be used with such clauses, preceding the complete phrase: |
bu ia
ente-tana
|
‘the old lady
goes there’
|
buia
honkolai ente-tana
|
‘the old lady
goes there for children’
|
|
|
| In such
cases, in contrast to the normal intransitive construction the place
of the adverbial phrase is fixed, i.e., juxtaposed just before the
tense marker. We cannot, for example, get examples like ‘hante buria
tana’. |
| Such adverbs which
do not duplicate with the adverb used intransitively may be taken
optionally in order to denote manner or time etc., of the action: |
|
enate buia
ente tana ‘It is why, the old lady goes there’
|
| 3.2.1.3.2. Attributive
copulative clauses: Such copulative clauses where the nominal sujbects
are related to their attributes may be called attributive. As nominal
subject any noun including proper noun or pronoun may be used. Attributes
may be form any type of adjective, adjective phrase or demonstratives
as well as any noun. Such constructions may or may not take an overt
relator. |
| (a) Without
relator copula: in such cases the relator itself may be ellipsed,
nevertheless implied: |
okoe bugin koa?
|
‘who is a good
boy?’
|
ne-do dagai
|
‘this, however,
is a young girl’
|
|
|
| (b) With relator
copula: in such cases any one of the three types of relators may be
used, e.g., personal constructions with tan+i?, impersonal constructions
with a?, tan+a?, mena? or bano? or aspect marker plus copula /a/ : |
|
Munda tani?
|
‘he is Munda’
|
en hoo
bugina?
|
‘that is good
man’
|
|
daru tana?
|
‘(it) is tree’
|
buluko
bano?
|
‘there is no
salf’
|
|
daru mena?
|
‘there is tree’
|
|
Munda akanae
|
‘he has
been made chief’
|
|
|
| The last type of
constructions may take both voice marker as well as mood marker, but
the mood marker always occurs along with a voice marker. All personal
suffixes and tenses may be used with them. |
| The secondary and
optional elements as in other cases may be used with this latest form
as well. |
