re ge?re
|
‘while hungry’
|
|
seta?te
|
‘since morning’
|
|
holaete
|
‘since yesterday’
|
|
|
| No semantic difference
can be marked between /te/ and /ete/ in case of the temporal phrases. |
| 3.1.3.1.2.2. Temporal
relators governing numerals: |
| The suffixes /-si/,
/-ma/ and /-sa/ govern the numerals and form a type of numeral phrase
with relation to the period of an action. /-si/
is the word for ‘day’ against night, while /-ma/ in the same sense
in used with numerals for three and above. /-sa/ is the suffix used
for the number of times any event takes place. Such temporal phrases
are illustrated below: |
musi
|
‘one day’
|
mo ema
|
‘five days’
|
|
|
| Where / -ma/ is
used, the days, thus counted mayt not be necessarily in succession,
so that one incident may occur on five days, i.e., five times over
a long period of say a month. |
| The morpheme /
-sa/ as well as /si/
and /ma/ may be used with the emphatic /ge/ or /do/. |
|
mosage ‘only once’
|
| 3.1.3.1.3.
Phrases of manner: |
| The bound morphemes
like / -te/, /-leka/ and /-lo?/ may be used as relators of manner.
Structuarlly/te/and leka/ can be classified into one catagory and
/lo?/ in another. |
| /te/ and /leka/
both may be suffixed to definite or indefinite demonstratives indicating
manner of action involved. However, while/te/ is bound morpheme/ is
only loosely bound: |
|
cilkate
|
‘how, in what
manner’
|
|
neleka
|
‘like this’
|
|
enleka
|
‘like that
|
|
|
| Forms /neleka/
and /enleka/ may be shortened as /neka/ and compounded with /-te/
to form the phrases like /nekate/ and /enkate. |
| /ate/ is used
for causal constructions as in enate ‘owing to that’ or neate ‘owing
to this’. |
| /lo?/ is suffixed
to a verb root in order to indicate manner of another action. |
| nirelo? ‘along
with or while running’ or even with aspect /tense markers/ nirtanlo?/. |
| 3.1.3.2.
With free relators: |
| There are certain
relators which occur freely and are simply juxtaposed to their axis.
These in themselves may be complete for indicating place or time etc.,
adverbially, but very frequently they take the bound morphemes indicated
above and form a compound of relators. The adverb phrases thus constructed
may be either of the type locative or temporal or modal indicating
different modes of accompaniment, instrument, manner, or purpose,
etc. |
| 3.1.3.2.1. Locative
phrases: The morphemes aiar ‘front’ or dea ‘back’ are generally used
in this category. These relators govern a noun or a noun phrase, the
nouns in which case may be either animate or inanimate. Such nouns
or noun-phrases may optionally take a genetive in a?, irrespective
of their being animate or inanimate. As for example: |
|
daru aiar-re/
darua? aiar-re
|
‘before the
tree’
|
|
kula dea-re/kula?
dea-re
|
‘behind
the tiger’
|
|
|
| The suffixation
of /-re/ to both /aiar/ aud /dea/ may be noted. Similarly /-te/ or
/-ate/ etc. also may be used for compounding. |
| 3.1.3.2.2. Temporal
phrases: /sida/ ‘before’ or /taiom/ ‘latter’ compounded with either
-re, -te or -ete may be juxtaposed to |
