| nominal or gerundial
forms to construct temporal phrases. The governed noun may optionally
take the genetive a?. The relators are: |
|
sidate,
|
taiomte,
|
sida-etc
|
taiom-etc
|
|
sidare,
|
taiomre,
|
etc.
|
.
|
|
|
| When juxtaposed
to nouns, the forms may be: aiN
sidate/ ai)a? sidate ‘before
my (coming or going), goio? sida-ete/ goioa? sida-ete ‘since the
period before death’ |
|
However, gerunds do not,
take the genetive:
|
|
seno? sida-re
|
‘before going’
|
|
|
| 3.1.3.2.3. Modal
phrases: |
| Out of the
four modes enumerated above, three, i.e., those depicting instrumentality,
manner and purpose use such free relators which usually are compounded
with /-te/. Structurally, they differ with regard to the axis, they
govern and relate to the action referred to in the sentence. The
following uses are very common. For the mode of accompainment, forms
like /sam/ ‘with’ and /begar’ ‘without’ are used. The Hindi and
Bengali form /songe/ is rather more frequent than /sam/. The governed
axis may be either a noun or a geround. This mode behaves differently
morphologically from the other three: |
|
kami begar
|
‘without work’
|
susun so ge
|
‘while
dancing’
|
|
|
| If /-te/ is suffixed
to these relators, they will indicate instrumentality or manner. |
| For the instrumental
mode, the most common free relator is /hora/ literally meaning ‘way’
or ‘means’. It governs noun or gerund, the governed noun may take
genetive in /a?/. /hora/ isgenerally compounded with suffix /-te/:
kami-hora-te ‘by the work’. |
| Similary, for manner,
the free relator /leka/ may take /-te/ as a suffix and for depicting
the mode of purpose, the forms like men, nagen, naN
are frequently used with /-te/; |
|
ena-mente
|
‘therefore’
or ‘for that purpose’
|
|
ena-nagente
|
or ena na-te
‘for that’
|
|
|
| 3.1.3.3. With gerundial
bases; The bound morphemes /-te/ and /-e/ may be use with gerundial
bases to form a number of adverb phrases of time, place and manner.
But the use of these suffixes are not obligatory. Any of the tense/aspect
markers like /tan/, /tad/, /jad/ and /ked/ may be suffixed to the
noun base in order to denote "related action having been accomplished" |
|
kamitad
|
‘having done
the work’optionally also,
|
|
kami tadre
|
‘after having
done the work’
|
|
kami tadte
|
‘because
of having done with the work’
|
|
|
| 3.1.3.4. With intensifiers;
Adverb phrase may be formed with the addition of intenifiers which
indicate the intensity of the perfomance of an action. The intensifiers
may be free precede theadverb or they may be bound forms like /ge/
, /do/ having been suffixed to the adverb. Both of them constitute
endocentric cosntructions with the advers: |
oro?
seke a
|
‘very soon’
|
isupura? mai
|
‘very much
slow’
|
|
or,
|
|
sekea-ge
|
‘soon enough’
|
|
|
| /-ge/ also may
be used, while oro? or
pura has already been used to increase the emplasis: |
|
isupura? sekeage
‘very very much hastily’
|
| 3.1.3.5. Adverb
phrases of reduplicative type: Such phrases where the items are
repeated in compound forms, generally are the adverb phrases of
manner and as such may optionally take the suffix of /-te/. Reduplicative
type phrases may have a base in adjective, as in the cases: |
mai-mai
|
‘slowly’
|
|
hape-hape
|
‘quitely’
|
|
|
