In topicalized sentences, the agent is demoted to the
instrumental case. The demoted agent Noun Phrase takes the case inflexion /-ną/.
The case specifies the animate precipitator of the action identified by the
verb.
(37)
/pyawč1
tabróchną2
óą3/
Nom [0] Inst [A]
`the hunter2 shoots3
the bird1’
(38)
/hwč1 tamyāną2 syéliyą3/
Nom [0] Inst [A]
`the tiger2 killed3
me1’
2.1.5.6.
Locative :
The case relates the locative or temporal Noun Phrase to
the verb in the sentence. Semantically the locative has three functions.
2.1.5.6.1.
Place :
This case specifies the spatial
orientation of the action or event identified by the verb. The morphological
realizations are based on distinctions like internal/external, enclosed/open
and general/specific each represented by a separate suffix.
i)
General Reference :
This indicates the location of the
event or action in the general vicinity of a point in space and is marked by
the suffix /-ū/.
(39)
/hnįbą1
įū2 so3/
Nom Loc [P]
`my father1
slept3
at home2’
(40)
/tabróch1 įū2
yą3/
Nom Loc [P]
`the hunter1
is3 at home2’
(ii)
Event Location :
This specifies the environment in
which the event or action takes place rather than a specific point in space.
The case is marked by the suffix /-gą/ and typically occurs with motion
verbs.
(41)
/garwi1 kheligą2
chyįbsyiga3/
Nom Loc [P]
`the horse1 runs3
in a race2’
(iii)
Metabatic Location :
It specifies the spatial orientation of the event
identified by the verb and further specifies that the event is preceded by
some movement of the subject. The movement is not indicated in the
predicate. The case occurs
ya3 óą4/
gõ2 hįdõgaą3/
ną2
óą3/
wč1
tamyāną2 syéliyą3/
ū2 
