| 6. |
a hia1
ole ma-zhi-o2
ta-i-e3 |
| |
Athia1
went away3
sadly 2 |
| |
|
| 7. |
ai1
a2
pen-hi3
tacü shu-o4
ni-lo-e5 |
| |
I1
got (back)5
my2
pen3
with great difficulty4 |
| |
|
| 8.
|
amerikamüi1
ona3
ota krükrü-o2
no-we3
|
| |
American’s1
dress3
very smartly2
|
| |
|
| 9. |
mani-o1
pe-hi2
|
| |
speak2
softly1
|
| |
|
| 10. |
hreli1
mara2
shu-o3
nili-yi4
da-e5
|
| |
Hreli1
beat up5
Nili4
(very5)
madly2
|
|
Any claim that continuous forms of verbs function as adverbs in
language needs to be argued out. The obvious argument, that the
continuous participle be considered n additional verb rather than
a verb-modifier in the sentence needs to be countered especially
in languages such as Mao where all non-sentential adverbs follow
the verb-root (and these ‘participial adverbs’ do not). Formally,
the continuous participial adverbs are aditional verbs in the
sentence but notionally the formal continuous participles are
adverbial in character, describing the manner in which the action
is performed rather than depict an action which is separate from
but simultaneous with the main verb. |
(c) the verbal absolute form as adverb. This divides into two
syntactic subclasses depending on whether the subject is a (i)
Semantic Agent or (ii) Object.
|
| (i)
1.mana ‘be late’ |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 320. |
pfota1
vu2
mana3
-e2
|
‘they (excl.pl.)1
came2 late3
|
| |
|
|
| 2.mozhu
‘be early’ |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 321 |
pfo1
vu2
mozhu3
-e2
|
she1
came2
early3 |
| |
|
|
| 3.ri
‘be in front ; be ahead’ |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 322. |
tasoni1
ta2
ri3
-i-e2
/tasoni |
Tasoni1
went2infront/ahead
3 |
| |
ri ta-i-e
|
|
| |
|
|
| (ii)
zhü ‘be good’ |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 323
1. |
hihi1
rü2
zhü3
le4 |
|
| |
this1
will4
write2
well3
|
|
| |
|
|
|
contrast this with
|
|
323 |
2. |
ai1
rü2
ma-zhü3 le4
|
| |
|
I1
will4
write2
well3
|
| |
|
|
|
324 |
1. |
odzü1
hihi2
dzü-da2
zhü-we3 |
| |
|
this water
swims well |
| |
|
lit. it
is nice3
to swim2
in these2
waters1
|
|
contrast this with
|
|
324 |
2. |
·aiho1
odzü-da2
ma-zhü3
-we2 |
| |
|
Daiho1
swims2
well 3
|
| |
|
|
|
325 |
1. |
hihi1
to2
zhü-te3
|
| |
|
this1
eats2
well3
(= this is very tasty) |
|
contrast it with
|
|
325 |
2. |
hreli1
to2
mazhü3
-we2 |
| |
|
Hreli1
eats3
well2
|
| |
|
|
|
326 |
1. |
ojü-na-i1
kokru2
zhü3
-we2 |
| |
|
the ground1
plays2
well 3 |
| |
|
lit. it
is nice3
to play2
on the ground1
|
|
contrast this with
|
| 326
|
2. |
Lohro1
kokru2
ma-zhü3
-we2 |
| |
|
Lohro1
plays2 well3
|
| |
|
|
| 327
|
1. |
pfosemüicü1
bu2
zhü3
-we2 |
| |
|
it is nice3
to live/be2
in Punanamai 1 |
| |
|
|
| |
2. |
mikrüli1
bu2
shü3
-e2 |
| |
|
it is bad3
to live2
in Imphal1
|
|
(d) the nonverbal absolute form as adverb
|
|
328 |
to |
‘properly’ |
| |
|
|
| |
hi/ikrü
|
‘again’ |
| |
|
|
| |
hi |
‘still/yet’ |
| |
|
|
| |
ha |
‘at once;
quickly’ |
| |
|
|
| |
mozü/makrü/vizü |
‘always’ |
| |
|
|
| |
vizü/vüizü/mozü
|
‘certainly’ |
| |
|
|
| |
zho
|
‘aready’ |
| |
|
|
| |
zhazha
|
‘frequently/often’
|
|
