|
2. |
ni1
sa2 ayi3
|
{ mani-ka }
4 |
| |
|
{*mani-hio-ka} |
| |
|
{*mani-lo-ka} |
| |
|
{*mani-hi-ka} |
| |
|
{*mani-lo-ka} |
| |
|
|
| |
show4
me3 your
1 clothes2
|
|
|
The same argument rules out the initially plausible argument
that v+ka is in point of fact v + imp(=O)
+ka as, if v+ka is v+imp (=O)
+ ka, then v+imp (=ų)
+ ka, v + imp (= )
+ ka, v+imp (=+ka,
v+imp (=lo)+ka, v+imp(=hio) +ka
etc. must be possible, but they are not as we saw. In a
possible sentence like
|
|
173 |
1. |
pfo-yi1
oca2 so pi-hi
ka3 |
| |
|
|
| |
|
‘do him1
(some) tea2 (and
give it to me (and I’ll give it to him))’ |
|
ka is not an imperativizer at all, but a particle
as in 171.
|
ha
|
ha is more suspect as
na imperativizer, primarily because ha
can be added directly only to one verb root viz. pi
‘to give’
|
| 174. |
1. |
larübvü-sü1 pi-ha2
|
give2
the book(s)1
to someone other than the speaker
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
oca1
so pi-ha2
|
do someone
other than the speaker2
(some) tea1 |
|
|
|
|
|
*3. |
kobu1
pfota-yi2
khe ko-ha3
|
|
|
|
push3
(the) gun1 to
them (excl. pl.)2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*4. |
pfo1
he 2 kolü k-ha3 |
|
|
|
roll3
(it) to2 him1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*5. |
shüli
pi-ha |
|
|
|
throw it
to someone other than me |
|
|
|
|
|
|
*6. |
osi
so 1 pfo-yi2
 ho-ha3
|
|
|
|
serve3
him2 (some)2
meat1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
*7. |
ni1
sa2 pfokrehrü-yi/he3
mani-ha4
|
|
|
|
show4
your 1 clothes2
to1 Pfokrehrü3
|
|
|
|
Otherwise, with other verbs, it follows other
imperativizers, in which case it is not an imperativizer but a particle with
a meaning of listener-bound movement/transfer as in
|
| 175 |
1. |
larübvü ha |
here’s the book, take it |
| |
|
book |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
ca ha |
here’s (some) tea, take it’ |
| |
|
tea |
|
|
When, however, ha is a free particle, the speaker
must be having in his possession the referent of the NP
which ha follows. For example in 175.1 and 175.2, the speaker
must have in his hands book and tea respectively. This is
not the case when ha follows other imperativizers. |
Thus in
|
|
176 |
ocü-hi1
lohe2 pfo ko-hi-ha3 |
| |
take3
the stone1 there
away from the speaker2
(here and now) |
|
the speaker need not have a stone in his hands. This suggests
either that hiha constitutes one imperativier or
that when it follows imperative markers, the semantics of
ha may be different fromwhen it follows nominals.
We take the latter view so that ha is not a genuine imperativizer.
In which case th eonly verb to which it can be directly
added viz. pi ‘to give’ has a O
imperativizer in an example like 174.1. If this is the case,
the here-and-now meaning that 174.1 has comes from ha
and not the imperativizer O.
|
| *177 |
pfoyi1
sodu2 larübvü3
pi-ha4 |
| |
give4
him1 (the) book3
tomorrow2
|
|
Further, ha& is
speaker-exclusive and ha^speaker-inclusive
|
| 178 |
1. |
oca so
pi h |
do and give (some)
tea to someone/some |
| |
|
tea do |
people other than
the speaker |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
oca so pi
hā |
do and give (some)
tea to people including |
| |
|
tea do
|
the speaker |
|
hi
|
hi
is more brusque than ka and could be no immediate
if time is specified. Hence, the statement made earlier
that hi is not an intrinsic here-and-now imperativizer.
It marks a sense of urgent earnestness and hence in the
absence of a time phrase demands action which is immediate
both in time and space.
|
| 179. |
1. |
ayi1
sa-hi2 |
accompany2
me1 here and
now2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
oca1
so-hi2 |
prepare2
tea1 here and
now 2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
3.
|
ayi1
larübvü-na-i2
pi-hi 3
|
give3
me1 the book2
here and now2
|
|
