|
2. |
sodu1
ni2 kovucü-sü3
ata4 |
{ avu-o bu le
}5 |
| |
|
{ avu-co le } |
| |
|
{ *avu-we le } |
| |
|
{ *avu le-we } |
| |
|
|
|
when3
you(sg.)2
come3 tomorrow1,
|
we (excl. prn. &
excl. pl.)4 |
| |
will be taking our
meals5 |
|
| |
|
|
|
3. |
sodu1
ni2 kovucü-sü3
ata4 oni5
|
{ mani-o bu le
}6 |
| |
|
{ mani-coe } |
| |
|
{ *mani-we le
} |
| |
|
{ *mani } |
| |
|
|
| |
when3
you (sg.)2
come3 tomorrow
1, |
we (excl. prn. &
excl. pl.)4 |
| |
will be celebrating6
(a) festival 5 |
|
| |
|
|
|
4. |
sodu1
ico2 cüpha-hi3
cars4 lino5
ai6 ocü7 |
{ pe-o bu le }8 |
| |
|
{ pe-coe } |
| |
|
{ *pe-we le } |
| |
|
{ *pe le-we } |
| |
|
|
| |
tomorrow1
this time2, I6
will |
be delivering8
(a) lecture7
in5 |
| |
(the) church4
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
5. |
isü1
{  a-o
bu le }2 |
|
| |
|
{ a-co
le } |
| |
|
{ a-we
le } |
| |
|
{ a
le-we } |
| |
|
|
| |
will
be climbing up2
Isü |
( a mountain
) 1 |
|
Incipient progression signals
an action began recently, sometime immediately before, not
long before, the time of the speech act. It is marked for
physiographic phenomena by hõ followed by -e
the progressive aspect marker for verbs of movement. It
is marked either by the suffix -lo or by the verb
‘to start’ followed by -e for a limited set of other verbs
:
|
|
|
physiographic
verbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
65. |
1. |
ocü
rü hõ-e |
‘it is
raining, having begun recently’ |
|
|
cf.
ocü rü-o bue |
‘it is
raining’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
where
the speaker does not |
know when
it started raining. |
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
odzü
jü hõ-e ‘ ? ‘ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. |
ocü
kophrü hõ-e |
‘lightning
is flashing, the process having begun |
|
|
|
recently’ |
|
|
|
|
|
4. |
omi
ami hõ-e |
‘the land
is sliding, the process having begun |
|
|
|
recently’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
verbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. |
oshi-lo-e
|
‘is/are
fainting, having begun recently’ |
|
|
|
|
| |
6. |
thi-lo-e
|
‘is/are
dying, the process having begun recently’ |
|
|
|
|
|
7. |
rü
ta-e |
‘is/are
about to write’ |
|
3.4.5.4.
|
The Imminence Aspect |
The
Imminence Aspect indicates that the action is about to take
place. It is expressed generally by le the future
tense marker followed by -e the progressive aspect
marker, or alternatively, by the verb ta ‘to start’ followed
by -e the progressive aspect marker, except when
another ta forms part of a verb-complex, as in
the first example below where ta means ‘go away’.
|
|
66. |
a. |
ata1
ho2 ta { -e3
} |
‘we (excl prn.
& excl. pl.)1
are |
| |
|
|
{ le-e3
} |
about3
to go to the field2 |
| |
|
|
|
|
67 |
1. |
 aiho
ayi da ta-e |
|
| |
|
|
‘Daiho is about to
beat me’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2.
|
aiho
ayi da le-e |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
68. |
1. |
lohro lonia
he cihi
kali rü ta-e |
|
| |
|
‘Lohro is about to
write (a) letter to Lonia’ |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
lohrü lonia
he cihi
kali rü le-e |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
69. |
1. |
oshi-lo le-i-e
|
‘about to faint’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
thi-lo le-i-e
|
‘about to die’ |
| |
|
|
|
|
70. |
1. |
alemo1
avu2 ta-e3
|
|
| |
|
Alemo1
is about to3
take meals2 |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
alemo1
avu2 le-e3
|
|
|
|
The Imminence aspect for first
person pronouns is expressed by la added to verb
roots. Along with imminence, la marks an eager
expectant announcement bordering on opinion-elicitation
:
|
