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31.

   aca2 ‘break (as of something straight eg. stick, chair etc.)’
       
    s-ha  ‘break (generic as to manner) (tr.)
       
    bi-ha ‘break (a) in terms of scissors-like action
     

(b) in terms of the impact of sandwiching

       
      between two objects
       
    da-ha ‘break by hammering with a pole etc.
       
    li-ha  ‘break by pressing with hands’
       
    li-ha  ‘break by whittling’
       
    ?cüli-ha  ‘break with fingers’
       
    te-du ‘break by pulling at the object with hands’
       
    püi-ha  ‘break by pulling at the object with an instrument
      (eg. hook, rope, etc.)’
       
    ?di-ha  ‘break by touching’
       
    de-ha  ‘break by striking with an edged instrument’
       
    he-ha  ‘break (as branches, twigs) by blowings (as trees)’
       
    ve-ha  ‘break in terms of hook-like action’
       
    se-ha ‘break by pounding’
       
    kozhü-ha  ‘break by chafing’
       
    i-ha  ‘break by striking with the body part of leg’
       
    vüi-ha  ‘break, cause to go apart eg. broomstick while
      sweeping or shooing away chicken etc.’
       
    kokha-ha  ‘break by crushing with a solid object’
       
    va-ha  ‘break by sawing’
       
    khru-ha  ‘break in terms of spear-like action’
       
    ?khrü-ha/cu-ha  ‘break with teeth’
       

 

b. i. 32. ahĩ  ‘to go out (as tire) (intr.)’
       
    so-mahĩ  ‘to cause to go out (as fire) ; to extinguish (generic
      as to manner)’
       
   

da-mahĩ

‘to extinguish by striking as with tree leaves’
       
    h-mahĩ  ‘to extinguish by mouth-blowing, snuffing’
       
    di-mahĩ  ‘to extinguish by touching’
       
    kohe-mahĩ  ‘to extinguish by sweeping with hands’

2.

 
 Considering that causatives are composed of the manner marker and ha, it is surprising that the form aha (intr.) does not exist.

ii.

33.    odzü akhrü ‘to pour water on; to wash body purts’ (intr.)’
         
      odzü mokhrü ‘to bathe’ (tr.)
         
      odzü (a) da  ‘to swim’
         
      odzü mada ‘to cause to swim’
         
         

 

34.    atu ‘to jump without any hurdle’ (intr.)
         
      motu ‘to cross’ (tr.)
         
c.i.  35. 1.  atu ‘bounce (intr.)’
         
      he kotu  ‘bounce an object by blowing; blow-bounce (tr.)’
         
      shu kotu ‘bounce an object by throwing; throw-bounce (tr.)’
         
   

2.

akhi  ‘bend’ (intr.)
         
      so kokhi ‘bend’ (tr.)
         
   

3.

khi+motion   ‘to move back’ (intr.)
         
         
      verb  
         
      kokhi ‘to move something back (= to return an object) (tr.)’
         
   

4.

avi   ‘to escape (intr.)’
         
      kovi  ‘to cause to escape (tr.)’
         
   

5.

ati  ‘to move in a slow manner; dawdle (intr.)’
         
      koti ‘to move in a slow manner; dawdle (tr.)’
         
   

6.

 adzü ‘collect, gather (as animates) (tr.)’
         
      kodzü  ‘gather (as animates) (tr.)’
         
   

7.

alü/ale   ‘rol’ (intr.)’
         
      kolü/kole ‘roll’ (tr.)’
         
   

8.

adzü   ‘fall down’
         
      kodzü ‘to cause to fall down’ (tr.)’
         
   

9.

 ango  ‘tremble as out of fear (as human being); shake (as
        trees)’ (tr.)
         
      kongo ‘shake (as body parts, trees etc)’ (tr.)
         
      he-kongo ‘shake (as trees, etc.) by blowing’ (tr.)
         
   

10.

ahle   ‘chafe human body part against an object’ (intr.)
         
      kohle  ‘tear (eg. paper) by chafing’ (tr.)
         

 

  11. aro   ‘to cast off slough’ (intr.)
         
      koro  ‘to cast off (as slough)’ (tr.)
         
        ii. In this class no manner marker is possible

 

 
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