| cohć va-no
|
‘byabuffalo,travellingononeofitsexteriorsurfaces’ |
|
A notionally more abstract instrument also is
rendered by -no :
|
|
518 |
1. |
ozhi1
-no2 ta le-shie3
|
| |
|
let us go3
by2 rule1
|
| |
|
|
|
|
2. |
pfo1
sokokhro2 -no3
ai4 hihi5
so-loe6 |
| |
|
I1
did 6 this5
with3 his1
help2 |
|
The instrument may be lexically marked, as in
|
|
519 |
mosü |
‘to kick (=to strike
with legs)’ |
| |
|
|
| |
kopha |
‘to slap (=to
strike with palms)’ |
| |
|
|
| |
macü |
‘to kiss (=to touch/press
with lips)’ |
|
3.3.7.10.
|
The Benefactive |
The
Benefactive, sometimes also called the purposive case, indicates
that the action identified by the verb is done for, for
the sake of, in the interest of an entity expressed by the
benefactive makred NP in the sentence. It is signaled by
the postposition duno
|
|
520 |
ni-(yi) duno |
‘for you (sg.)’ |
| |
|
|
| |
ayi duno |
‘for me’ |
| |
|
|
| |
lopüiyi duno |
‘for her’ |
| |
|
|
| |
ahi)(yi)
duno |
‘for us (incl. du.)’ |
| |
|
|
| |
pfota  hopfüyi
duno |
‘for all of them (excl.
pl.)’ |
| |
|
|
| |
siboyi duno |
‘for Sibo’ |
| |
|
|
|
ata iniu duno
|
‘for our (excl. prn.
& excl. pl.) village’ |
| |
|
|
| |
ovo(yi) duno |
‘for (the) pig’ |
| |
|
|
| |
cühelimüi(yi)
duno |
‘for (the) family’ |
|
|
|
|
ocü duno |
‘for (the) house’ |
|
|
|
|
larücü duno |
‘for (the) school’ |
|
3.3.7.11.
|
The Genitive |
|
The genitive is expressed typically by apposition, the
genitival preceding the substantive. In an atypical but distinctly possible
case, however, the genitival descriptive of property ownership/alienable
possession, one of the multitudinous meanings it expresses, may be
morphologically but redundantly marked. The genitive neutralizes the
following meanings and cases.
|
|
|
1. |
human
relationship |
|
|
|
(i)a. |
consanguineous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
521 |
|
ni1
pfo2 |
your (sg.)
1 father2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a1
pfü2 |
my1
mother2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(ii) |
affinal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
522 |
|
a1
cümüi2 |
my1
wife2 |
|
|
cakho1
cümüi 2 |
Chakho’s1
wife2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(iii) |
collateral |
|
|
523 |
|
pfo
dzürieo |
‘his brother’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
nonkin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
524 |
|
a
kosoo |
‘my friend’ |
|
|
kaikho
ja |
‘Kaikho’s
teacher’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
alienable
possession or |
property-ownership |
|
|
|
|
|
525 |
|
honi
cü |
‘Thoni’s
house’ |
|
|
losü
larü |
‘Losü’s
book/paper’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ata
larü korüo |
‘our (excl.
prn. & excl. pl.) writer’ |
|
|
ahishu
vo |
‘Athisu’s
pig’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
pfo
cuipüi saba |
‘my sister’s
shawl’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. |
inalienable
or natural possession |
|
|
|
|
|
|
526 |
|
manini
hi) |
‘Manini’s
eyes’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
lopüi
pfüphe |
‘her body’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
pfo cuipüi |
‘my father’s
sister’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. |
belongingness |
|
|
|
|
|
|
527 |
|
at
ocü ojü |
‘our (excl.
prn. & excl. pl.) nation’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ita
rüzhü |
‘our
(incl. prn. & excl. pl.) clan’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
nita
iniu |
‘our (excl.
pl.) village’ |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
pfo
zhi |
‘her share’
|
|
