|
4. |
tukrü1
-na- i2
taasoni3 he4
bue5 |
| |
the2
cow1 is5
with 4 Tasoni
3 |
| |
|
|
5. |
a1
na pfoo2
pfo3 püi4
he5 bue6
24 |
| |
my1
son2 is6
with5 his3
grandma4 |
|
3.3.7.9.
|
The Instrumental |
| The
instrumental case which expresses the inanimate entity
casually and manipulably involved in the action is marked
by -no
|
|
514 |
1. |
bas-no |
‘by bus’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
rel-no |
‘by train’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
kaar-no |
‘by car’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
korü-no |
‘by a vehicle’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
jiip-no |
‘by jeep’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
b. ophi-no |
‘on foot’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
otu-no |
‘with a stone’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
mikrü deni-no
|
‘with mikrü
deni’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ihõ-no |
‘with a spear’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
okhro-no |
‘with a dao’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
piko-no |
‘with a knife’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
süda-no |
‘with a stick’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
oba-no |
‘with hand’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
kasha cüa-no |
‘with/for ten rupees’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
kasha kaxi-no
|
‘with/for two rupees’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
jal-no |
‘with a net’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
khovo-no |
‘with/out of bamboo’ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
ita1
nobi2 -no3
co-we4
|
we (incl. prn.
& excl. prn.)1
hear 4with
3 ears 2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
oba2
-no3 rü-we4
|
write4
with3 hands2
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ohĩ2
-no3 ni-we4
|
see4
with3 eyes2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ophi2
-no3 tali-we4
|
walk4
with3 legs2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ohõ2
-no3 oh -we4
|
respirate4
with3 (the) nose2
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
omü2
-no3 to-we4
|
eat4
with3 (the) mouth
2 |
|
|
24
|
The unacceptability
of |
*a
na pfo o
pfo püi he bu-we
|
| where
the verb-final we marks Habitual aspect suggest that the
verb should be stative,specific, and no habitual. |
Note that the (a) examples illustrate vehicular instrument.
Different locative case markers can precede the instrument
markers proper viz. -no depending on the exact
mode of use of the vehicle. Thus, it is -li-no
as exemplified in
|
|
515 |
bas-lino |
‘by bus, travelling
inside the bus’ |
| |
|
|
| |
rel-lino |
‘by rail, travelling
inside the train’ |
| |
|
|
| |
kaar-lino |
‘by car, travelling
inside the car’ |
| |
|
|
| |
korü-lino |
‘by a vehicle, travelling
inside the vehicle’ |
| |
|
|
| |
jiip-lino |
‘by jeep, travelling
inside’ |
|
if the vehicle is a container and the subject inside it.
It is phe-no (phe ‘on top’) if the subject is on
top of it (the vehicle need not be a container, though)
:
|
|
516 |
bas phe-no
|
‘by bus, travelling
on top of the bus’ |
| |
|
|
| |
re phe-no |
‘by rail, travelling
on top’ |
| |
|
|
| |
kaar phe-no |
‘by car, travelling
on top’ |
| |
|
|
| |
korü phe-no |
‘by vehicle travelling
on the top of (the) vehicle’ |
| |
|
|
| |
jiip phe-no |
‘by jeep, travelling
on top’ |
| |
|
|
| |
korü phe-no |
‘on horse back’ |
| |
|
|
| |
cohć phe-no |
‘on buffalo back’ |
|
It is va-no (va ‘on an exterior or exposed surface
of’) if the subject NP hung on to or otherwise made use
of the exposed surfaces of the vehicular instrument.
|
|
517 |
bas va-no
|
‘by bus, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces’ |
| |
|
|
| |
re va-no |
‘by rail, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces’ |
| |
|
|
| |
kaar va-no |
‘by car, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces’ |
| |
|
|
| |
korü va-no |
‘by a vehicle, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces ’ |
| |
|
|
| |
jiip va-no |
‘by jeep, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces’ |
| |
|
|
| |
korü va-no
|
‘by a horse, travelling
on one of its exterior surfaces’ |
|
