|
2. |
pfo1
ayi2 akuo3
mikrüli4 larü
modoe5 |
| |
he1
studied5 with3
me2 in Imphal4
|
| |
|
|
3. |
ni1
pfoyi2 akuo3
odo so-hio4
|
| |
you (sg.)1
dance2 with3
her4 |
| |
|
|
4. |
heni1
pfo2 pfüyi3
akuo4 hrü-we5
|
| |
Heni1
lives5 with4
his2 mother3
|
|
| |
| |
{
*-yi akuo }4 |
|
| |
cf.
heni1 pfo2
pfü3 {
} |
bue 5 |
|
{
he
} |
|
| |
|
|
| |
Heni
1 is5
with4 his2
mother3 |
(where the
verb is stative) |
| |
|
|
|
5. |
izho
deni1 ai2
a hikho-yi3
|
akuo4
larübvü5 kali6
rü-o bue7 |
| |
|
|
| |
nowadays1,
I2 am writing7
a6 |
book5
together with4
Athikho3 |
|
In each of the examples above, the referent of the subject
NP and the akuo marked NP are equal in semantic primacy
and perform the same activity. This notional equality is
the reason why both the subject NP and the akuo-
marked NP must be either human or nonhuman animates : it
can not be that one of them is human but the other nonhuman.
Thus,
|
|
509 |
.1. |
ni1
ni2 cümüiyi3
akuo4 vuo
5 |
| |
|
you (sg.)1
come5 with4
your 2 wife3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
*1a. |
ni1
ni2 si-yi3
akuo4 vu-o5
|
| |
|
you1
come5 with4
your3 dog2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
2. |
silo1
sükrüyi 2 akuo3
tae4 |
| |
|
the male dog1
went4 with3
the female dog 2 |
| |
|
|
|
|
*2a. |
silo1
losüyi2 akuo3
tae4 |
| |
|
the male dog1
went4 with3
Losü (a human proper noun2
) |
| |
|
|
|
|
3. |
cakho1
pfo2 cümüiyi3
akuo4 odo so-e5
|
| |
|
Chakho1
is dancing5 with4
his2 wife3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
*3a. |
cakho1
pfo2 siyi3
akuo4 odo so-e5
|
| |
|
Chakho1
is dancing5 with4
his2 dog3
|
|
3.3.7.8.
|
The Comitative |
|
The commutative expresses a situation of social getting
together where one of the two participants - curiously
not necessarily the one purveyed by the subject - is dependent
on the other NP (that it is in comitative relationship
with) who functions as the guide, guardian, godfather
etc., and, equally importantly, the two may or may not,
but typically are not, engaged in the same activity. It
is expressed by the frozen sa-o the conjunctive
participial form of the verb sa ‘to take along
living beings’
|
| 510
|
ai1
a2 dzürieo-yi3
sao4 larü modoe5
|
| |
I1
studied5 with4
my2 elder brother3
|
|
would mean that the referent of
the subject NP was dependent on, probably stayed with, the referent of the
sao-marked NP and typically while the speaker studied, the elder brother did
not, but was engaged in his own work. The example that follows illustrates
the subject NP, being higher in a scale of semantic primacy, performing the
role of a guide.
|
|
511. |
ai1 a2
ahihoo-yi3 sao4
larü modoe5 |
| |
I1 studied5
with4 my2 younger brother3
|
|
The divergence of the activity
engaged in is, however, not true with certain verbs - eg. movement verbs
whose semantics requires that their players be engaged in the same action.
Thus,
|
|
512 |
1. |
vokrü-na-i1
oo-khru-yi-i2
sao3 ta-e5 |
| |
|
the female pig1
is going5 with4
(its) young ones2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
2. |
ni1
sanni2 sao3
vu-o4 |
| |
|
you (sg.)1
come4 with3
Sanny2 |
|
Both the NP’s in each of the above sentences are per force
engaged in the same activity, and when that is the case,
it is invariably the referent of the subject NP which is
primary and the controller and it is the other NP which
is secondary, and the controlled, and which is lower in
prestige, class, physical fitness etc. The comitative which
becomes alienable, acquirable possession with inanimate
NP’s is marked lexically in the verb pfo ‘to take’.
The commutative with stative verbs is expressed by he ‘near’
|
|
513 |
1. |
loosü1
a2 he3
bue4 |
| |
|
it (dim.)1
is4 with3
me2 |
| |
|
|
|
|
2. |
ahikho1
he2 -hi1
omüi3 pajü4
bue5 |
| |
|
there
are5 many4
people3 with2
Athikho1 |
| |
|
|
|
|
3. |
larübvü1
-na-i2
pfo3 he4
bue5 |
| |
|
the2
book1 is5
with4 him3
|
|
