:: CIIL Grammars ::

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3. °

vó-c

-á

ótù

-ìná

á là

leaf-the-pl tree from fall-pres

The leaves fall from the tree

-n

yán-lòná

à y

-v

I-nom village-from tomorrow come-fut

I shall come from the village tomorrow

3.10.1.6. Sociative :

This case denotes association with some body. The sociative markers are (1) p^h

(2) -nz

, p^h

is used in the sense of accompanying some one and -nz° is used in the sense of going together.

Examples

hn-p

vó-c^hò

I-nom John-with kohima-to go-past

I went to Kohima with John

2. np

-n

- nzò sáárì-c^hò

he-nom her-with dance-past

He danced with her

árò rò c

yò-nzò v

-là

child the mother-with live-pres

The child lives with the mother

-n

pò nzò v

-là

I-nom my father with live-pres

I live with my father

3.10.2. Absence of markers

Following case relations are expressed by the absence of case marker i.e. they are unmarked - they are as follows :

1) Accusative 2) Dative 3) Genitive.

3.10.2.1. Accusative :

This case denotes mainly the direct object of the transitive verb.

Examples

1. mp

-n

à-là

he-nom me sees me He sees me

-n

à-là

I-nom him see-pres I see him

3. J

n-n

t^há-chò

John-nom him kill-past John killed him

árò c

-á

à-là

child pl-nom him see pres Children see him

-n

sà-là

we-nom cow pl beat-pres We beat cows

In the above examples

, mp

, m

are unmarked for case.

3.10.2.2. Dative :

This case is used for the indirect object of the transitive verb

Examples

-n

rá

pí-c^hò

I-nom money him give-past

I gave him money

-pó-n

rá

k-c^hò

my-father-nom money me send-past

My father has sent me money

-n

ókò mp

pí-c^hò

I-nom pig him give-past

In the above examples mp

and mp

are in dative case.

3.10.2.3. Genitive :

This case expresses the meaning of belonging to or possession of some thing by the subject of the sentence.

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