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Some words are contracted by omiting the vowel of the second part. In such form the last vowel sound is stressed or lengthened.
/lálpá-ìn/ ‘by the lord’ > /lálpá:n or lálpán/
/ká-in/ ‘I sit’ > /ká:n or kán/
/kè-ín/ ‘by foot’ > /ké:n or kén/
/tàlúo-ín/ ‘excessively’ > /tàlúon or taluón/
/ní síìn/ ‘as it is so’ > /ní sí:n or nisín/
Even consonants can be omitted in constriction and in such cases the vowel following the consonant is also omitted.
/tú-hìn/ ‘now’ > /tú:n or tún/
/tù-h:m/ ‘who’ > /tú:m or túm/
/díìn/ ‘for’ > /dí:n or dín/
/kh:tíe ám/ ‘where’> /kh:tíem/
 3.3.13
Adverbs
Adverbs are modifiers of verbs. As are adjectives to nouns so are adverbs to verbs. Adverbs sometimes modify adjectives or other adverbs too.

Hmar language has a large number of adverbial expressions besides the conventional adverbs or simple adverbs, which may also be further modified by suffixing and adding more words for emphasis, clearer description, insistence etc.

Hmar adverbs could be discussed under 4 categories:


i. Adverbs of manner,
ii. Adverb of time,
iii. Adverb of place and
iv. Relative adverb

In addition to these 4 there could be one more category known as ‘adverbials’, which are verbs much like adverbs.

3.313.1
Adverb of Manner
This group of adverbs refer to manner in which the actions of the verbs take place, the extent or degree to which the actions of the verbs are affected or the state of the actions of the verbs. For examples:
Manner and State

 
/cúoàcùn/ ‘thus’
/cúocùn/  ‘so’
/:lé/th:/ ‘well’
/ìnfún:/á:nfùn:/ ‘amiss’
/halóu tàkìn/ ì‘badly’
/méiàtìh/níèlthèi/ ‘probably’
/cíeátkìn/ ‘certainly’
/rémcá:tàkìn/ ‘conveniently’
Extent or Degree

 
/talúo/ ‘very’
/támtk/ ‘much’
/khm/ ‘too’
/hlè:/ ‘quite’
/và:/ ‘almost’
/cí:té/tl:mté/ ‘a little’
/lèm/ ‘rather’
/cì:ten/tl:mte:n/ ‘somewhat’
/cenve:/ ‘half’
/zá:tvè/ ‘party’
/à ré:ìn/a púmín/ ‘wholly’
/cú:léiín/ ‘so’
3.3.13.2
Adverb of Time

This group of adverbs also could be seen in two sub-categories -(i) those referring to point of time of occurrence, simply ‘stative’ and (ii) those referring to the frequency at which the action takes place.

The following examples could be seen

 

 

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