7. Voice:
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There are two voices-Active and Passive marked syntactically in the language. In the passive construction object of the transitive verb
becomes the subject at the surface level. In the language passive
constructions are variously formed such as (a) by /ja-/ verbal base
inflected following the perfective form of the verb or the verbal stem
followed by {-e} and (b) by intransitivizing the transitive verb. And in
the passive constructions subject of the active sentence becomes the
oblique followed by /d /
or /tũ/
in the passive construction. A few examples are :
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Active :
|
|
brám 
|
mas
|
ní
|
khas
|
‘Brahmins
|
will
|
not
|
eat
|
meat’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
|
|
Passive:
|
|
brámã
|
dũ
|
mas
|
niÛ
|
khado
|
jas€
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
brám
|
dũ
|
mas
|
ní
|
khae
|
jas€
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
‘The
|
meat
|
will
|
not
|
be
|
eaten
|
by
|
Brahmins’ |
|
3
|
6 |
4 |
|
5-6 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Active:
|
|
gerã
|
n€
|
buţo |
kpyo
|
‘Boys
|
(ag.)
|
cut
|
the
|
tree’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
|
3 |
|
|
Passive :
|
|
gerã
|
dũ
|
buţo
|
kpyo
|
geyo |
‘The
|
tree
|
was
|
cut
|
by
|
the
|
boys’ |
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
3 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
Intransitivized Passive :
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The nouns behave as in the above examples but in such passive
constructions the derived intransitive form of the corresponding
transitive verb is used or by adding /ho/ to the infinitive oblique form
of transitive verb. For example :
|
|
Active :
|
|
m
|
mez
|
to i
|
‘I
|
broke
|
the
|
table’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
|
Passive:
|
|
mera
|
dũ
|
mez
|
 Ui
|
‘The
|
table
|
is
|
broken
|
by
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Active :
|
|
mera
|
dũ
|
m s
|
ní
|
ca
|
hoti
|
‘The
|
buffalo
|
is not
|
risen |
by
|
me’ |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
|
3 |
5-6 4 |
5-6 |
|
1 |
|
|
Passive:
|
|
mera
|
dũ
|
ms
|
ní
|
ca
|
hoti
|
‘The
|
buffalo
|
is not
|
risen
|
by
|
me’ |
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
|
|
5-6 4 |
5-6 |
|
1 |
|
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Medio-Passive Verbs:
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Many of the derived intransitive verbs function as stative in which the
subject has the object or patient relation with the verbs may be treated
as medio-passive verbs. A few examples of their oppositions may be given
below :
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