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hũ  Us  na  pèũ ‘I  wet  him’

1

 2  4-5  2-3
 

wo 

pìjj  

‘He 

gets wet’

2-3

 

wo 

gIlas 

to€ 

 

‘He 

breaks 

the 

glass’

1

3-4  2
 

gIlas 

U€ 

  ‘The 

glass 

is 

broken’

2

etc.


As pointed above that the transitive verbs are also passivized with /ho-/ infected, and /ho-/ can also follow the infintive oblique form of the intransitive verb and thus intransitive verbs are also passivized in this language. For example :
 

hũ 

ní  

lto 

‘I 

do not 

come down’

3

mera 

dũ

 l 

ní 

hoto 

‘Coming  down  is  not   done

by 

me’

1

3  4  5   5 4 5 2 1
or
 

‘From 

me 

coming 

down 

does 

not 

happen’

5

3.4.


 Adverbs


 

The class of words which modifies the verbs is the adverb. This denotes place, temporal, manner and quantity. The words which express the qualities of adjectives and adverbs are also adverbs and these are mainly quantitative adverbs only. In the language adverbs are primarily uninflected forms, however, some adjectives can also function as adverbs. (It may be pointed out that all the noun phrases except functioning as subject and object mark adverbial function. Since these have already been described in the chapter on case so these are not dealt here with).
 

Adverbs can be described on the basis of the following groups.
 

    (i) their position of occurrence

    (ii) their forms such as primary, derived (from various word categories) and compound

    (iii) meaning expressed such as place, temporal and manner.
 

Usually the adverbs occur preceding the verbs but these are comparatively more free in its position of occurrence as it can also occur in the beginning of the sentence, before the noun object and also in the final position following the verb. Examples are :
 

hU 

rat 

p

 g

‘It is 

(has fallen) 

night 

now’

3  4  3-4  2  1
 

Usn  

jrur  y   k kIyo ‘He  surely  did  this  work’

1

 2  7 4
 

meri 

ms

na 

s

l 

geyo 

bo 

‘The 

snake 

bit

my 

buffalo strongly’

4  5  6 7 5-6  2-3 7


In a sentence more than one adverb or adverb phrase can also occur together and there is no strict restriction on their order but usually place adverbial follow the temporal adverb. Examples are:

 

 

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