hũ |
Us |
na |
pèũ |
|
‘I
|
wet
|
him’
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
4-5 |
2-3 |
|
|
wo
|
pìjj€
|
|
‘He
|
gets wet’
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
2-3
|
|
|
wo
|
gIlas
|
to€
|
|
‘He
|
breaks
|
the
|
glass’
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
3-4 |
|
2 |
|
|
gIlas
|
U€
|
|
‘The
|
glass
|
is
|
broken’
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
1 |
3 |
2 |
|
|
As pointed above that the transitive verbs are also passivized with
/ho-/ infected, and /ho-/ can also follow the infintive oblique form of
the intransitive verb and thus intransitive verbs are also passivized in
this language. For example :
|
hũ
|
ní
|
lto
|
‘I
|
do not
|
come down’
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
mera
|
dũ
|
l
|
ní
|
hoto
|
‘Coming
|
down
|
is
|
not
|
done
|
by
|
me’ |
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
|
5 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
‘From
|
me
|
coming
|
down
|
does
|
not
|
happen’
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
|
The class of words which modifies the verbs is the adverb. This denotes
place, temporal, manner and quantity. The words which express the
qualities of adjectives and adverbs are also adverbs and these are mainly
quantitative adverbs only. In the language adverbs are primarily
uninflected forms, however, some adjectives can also function as adverbs.
(It may be pointed out that all the noun phrases except functioning as
subject and object mark adverbial function. Since these have already been
described in the chapter on case so these are not dealt here with).
|
Adverbs can be described on the basis of the following groups.
|
(i) their position of occurrence
|
(ii) their forms such as primary, derived (from various word
categories) and compound
|
(iii) meaning expressed such as place, temporal and manner.
|
|
Usually the adverbs occur preceding the verbs but these are
comparatively more free in its position of occurrence as it can also occur
in the beginning of the sentence, before the noun object and also in the
final position following the verb. Examples are :
|
hU
|
rat
|
p€
|
gi
|
‘It is
|
(has fallen)
|
night
|
now’
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
Usn€
|
jrur |
y
|
km
|
kIyo |
‘He
|
surely
|
did
|
this
|
work’
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
meri
|
ms
|
na
|
sp
|
l
|
geyo
|
bo
|
‘The
|
snake
|
bit
|
my
|
buffalo
|
strongly’
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
4 |
5-6 |
1 |
2-3 |
7 |
|
In a sentence more than one adverb or adverb phrase can also occur
together and there is no strict restriction on their order but usually
place adverbial follow the temporal adverb. Examples are:
|