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-a
-wa

CVCC-CVC/- 

-a
-wa


Besides the vowel of the first syllable of a disyllabic stem also undergoes vowel change of the above type :
 

Examples are :
 
Transitive/Intransitive

 

 Causal1   Causal2

pis- 

‘grind’ 

psa- 

‘pswa’

khe- 

‘play’ 

 kha-  khwa-

ktt- 

 ‘spin’  kta-  ktwa-

sU- 

‘listen’ 

 sa-  swa-

mUnn- 

 ‘cut’(hair)  mna-  mnwa-

si- 

‘sew’ 

sa-/swa- 

 swa-/swa-

ho- 

‘drive(cattle)’ 

ha- 

 hwa-

khi-

 ‘be spreaded’ 

kha- 

 khwa-

bEs- 

‘sit’ 

bsa- 

 bswa-

Uh- 

‘get up’  ha- wa-

sIkkh- 

‘learn’ 

skha- 

skhwa-

- 

‘be fallen’ 

à-

wa-

l- 

‘come down’ 

là- 

lwa-

sUkk- 

‘dry’ 

ska- 

 skwa-

pc- 

 ‘reach’  pca-  pcwa-
dr

‘be afraid’ 

ra- 

rwa-

d- 

‘run’ 

da- 

 dwa-

cl 

‘he moved’ 

 cla-  clwa-

cll- 

‘bear’ 

 cla-  clwa-

ncc- 

 ‘dance’ nca-  ncwa-

chpp- 

‘be printed’ 

chpa- 

chpwa-

pk- 

‘be cooked’ 

pka- 

 pkwa-

ca- 

‘carry’

 cka  ckwa

pi- 

‘drink’

pya-

ro- 

‘weep’ 

rwa

de- 

 ‘give’  dwa

l€- 

take 

lwa

k 

‘say’ 

kwa


Certain lexical items can have four corresponding stems like transitive, intransitive and two causatives. In such derivations the primary root stems would always be in transitive. In case of intransitive as the root stem there will only be tree alternant. And there are also root stems like /a/ ‘come’ /ja/ ‘go’ which do not have any derivation.
 

A few examples are :
 

Transitive 

 

Intransitive 

Causal1  

Causal2

ca- 

‘build’ 

c- 

ca- 

cwa-

ba- 

 ‘burn’  b-  ba-  bwa-

ro- 

‘flow’ 

rU- 

ra- 

rwa-

me- 

 ‘milk’  mI-  ma-  mwa-

dekh- 

‘see’ 

dIss- 

dss-/dsa

dswa-

Uba- 

‘boil’ 

Ub-

ba-

bwa-

to- 

‘break’  ţUţţ-  ta-  twa-

tol- 

‘weigh’ 

tUl- 

tla- 

tlwa-

pnn- 

 ‘break’  pjj-  pna-  pnwa-

bec- 

‘sell’ 

blk- 

bka- 

bkwa-

3.3.1.4.
Denominative :  

As described above simple verb stems like causatives are derived from intransitive or transitive bases by suffixation. Besides there is another type of verbal stem derived from nominal base called denominative stems. Such stems are very few and are derived by /-la-/ /-ka-/ or /-f/ suffixes. A few examples are :

 
 

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