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agent is realized by postfixing /koũ/ postposition after the noun. In such causatives the first agentive occurring as subject controls the activity of the intermediate agent. Examples to show the contrasts are :
 

1. 

nIkko 

khed     ‘The  child  plays’

1 2-3
 

2.

hũ

nIkka 

na 

 khdwadũ

‘I  cause the  child  play’

 

1 2 3 4 5 4-5  2-3  4-5
 

3.

 hũ

nIkka 

na 

dai 

koũ

khdaũ

 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 

‘I

cause 

the  child  play  by  the  maid
1 6 2-3 6-7 5 4
 

4. 

gã  

pa

piy€

‘The 

cow 

drinks 

water’

4   3-4  2
 

5. 

hũ

gã 

na 

 pa

pyaũ

  

‘I 

cause 

the 

cow 

drink

water’

5-6  2-3  5-6 4
 

6.

 hũ

gera 

koũ

 gã 

na 

pa

 pyaũ

5 6 7 8
 
‘I cause the  cow  drink water by  the  boy’
1 7-8 4-5 7-8 6 3 2
 

7. 

hũ

pàr

 caũ

 

‘I 

carry 

the 

load’

3-4  2
 

8. 

wo 

mInna 

pà

ckaw

 

‘He 

causes 

me  to  carry  the  load’
4-5  4 -5  3
 

9. 

wo 

mInna 

tera 

koũ

pà

ckwaw

 
‘He  causes  me  to  carry  the

load 

by 

1 6-7 2 6-7 5 4


In sentence (1) the subject itself is the doer of the action and in other sentences the subject is causing event directly or indirectly. In (2) /hũ/ ‘I’ subject is causing the event or causing the object /nIkko/ ‘child’ to perform the action of playing. On the other hand in (3) /hũ/ ‘I’ subject is the instigator of the event causing /dai/ ‘maid’ which is intermediate agent to make /nIkko/ child to perform the action of playing. The same distinction is found in (4), (5) and (6), (7),(8) and (9). If we compare the verbal forms of (2) and (3); (5) and (6); (8) and (9); (2) and (3) show the optional contrast of verbal forms but in (5) and (6) the same form is used to denote two functions. In (8) and (9) two forms are used to denote two functions. Thus in this language there are two causal forms denoting contrasts and some where these are optionally used.
 

Causal stems :
 

As pointed out above there are two causatives which are morphologically related with intransitive and transitive stems and these causative stems are derived by adding {-a-~-a-} and {-wa-~-wa-} respectively to the verbal roots intransitive or transitive. {-a-} and {wa-} are lexically conditioned. Besides some stems have only one derived causal stem used for both the functions. When the causal suffixes are added there are morphophonemic changes :
 

-a

-wa

The vowels of CVC stems® /- -a 

-wa

 

є of CV stem ®f /-a

and

 

 

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