agent is
realized by postfixing /ko ũ/
postposition after the noun. In such causatives the first agentive
occurring as subject controls the activity of the intermediate agent.
Examples to show the contrasts are :
|
|
1.
|
nIkko
|
khed€
|
|
‘The
|
child
|
plays’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
|
1 |
1 2-3 |
|
| |
|
2.
|
hũ
|
nIkka
|
na
|
kh dwadũ
|
|
‘I
|
cause
|
the
|
child
|
play’
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
4-5 |
|
2-3 |
4-5
|
|
| |
|
3.
|
hũ
|
nIkka
|
na
|
dai
|
koũ
|
khdaũ
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
| |
‘I
|
cause
|
the |
child |
play |
by |
the |
maid |
| 1 |
6 |
|
2-3 |
6-7 |
5 |
|
4 |
|
| |
|
4.
|
gã
|
pa i
|
piy€
|
|
‘The
|
cow
|
drinks
|
water’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
3-4 |
2 |
|
| |
|
5.
|
hũ
|
gã
|
na
|
pai
|
pyaũ
|
|
‘I
|
cause
|
the
|
cow
|
drink
|
water’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
5-6 |
|
2-3 |
5-6 |
4 |
|
| |
|
6.
|
hũ
|
gera
|
koũ
|
gã
|
na
|
pai
|
pyaũ |
 |
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
|
| |
| ‘I
|
cause |
the |
cow |
drink |
water |
by |
the |
boy’
|
| 1 |
7-8 |
|
4-5 |
7-8 |
6 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
| |
|
7.
|
hũ
|
pàr
|
caũ
|
|
‘I
|
carry
|
the
|
load’
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
3-4 |
|
2 |
|
| |
|
8.
|
wo
|
mInna
|
pàr
|
ckaw€
|
|
‘He
|
causes
|
me
|
to
|
carry
|
the
|
load’
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
4-5 |
2 |
|
4 -5 |
|
3 |
|
| |
|
9.
|
wo
|
mInna
|
tera
|
koũ
|
pàr
|
ckwaw€
|
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
7 |
|
| |
| ‘He
|
causes
|
me
|
to
|
carry
|
the
|
load
|
by
|
| 1 |
6-7 |
2 |
|
6-7 |
|
5 |
4 |
|
|
In sentence (1) the subject itself is the doer of the action and in
other sentences the subject is causing event directly or indirectly. In (2)
/hũ/
‘I’ subject is causing the event or causing the object /nIkko/ ‘child’
to perform the action of playing. On the other hand in (3) /hũ/
‘I’ subject is the instigator of the event causing /dai/ ‘maid’
which is intermediate agent to make /nIkko/ child to perform the action of
playing. The same distinction is found in (4), (5) and (6), (7),(8) and
(9). If we compare the verbal forms of (2) and (3); (5) and (6); (8) and
(9); (2) and (3) show the optional contrast of verbal forms but in (5) and
(6) the same form is used to denote two functions. In (8) and (9) two
forms are used to denote two functions. Thus in this language there are
two causal forms denoting contrasts and some where these are optionally
used.
|
Causal stems :
|
|
As pointed out above there are two causatives which are morphologically
related with intransitive and transitive stems and these causative stems
are derived by adding {-a-~-a-}
and {-wa-~-wa-}
respectively to the verbal roots intransitive or transitive. {-a-}
and {wa-}
are lexically conditioned. Besides some stems have only one derived causal
stem used for both the functions. When the causal suffixes are added there
are morphophonemic changes :
|
|
-a
|
|
-wa
|
|
The vowels of CVC stems®
/-
-a
|
-wa
|
|
| |
|
|
