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3.1.3  Cases


Cases mark the relationship between the noun and verb in the sentence. Case relationship is realized variously in various languages such as denoted by in flexional suffixes or preposition/postposition or order of the nouns or it is unmarked. In this language cases are marked by postpositions as well as by the direct form i.e., unmarked. First we shall describe various postpositions and then the cases available in the language.
 

Postpositions:
 

Postpositions in the language occur after the oblique forms of nominals in a construction. The postpositions cannot occur by themselves to show the relationships with other word categories, thus when it occurs with the nominal form it shows case relation. On the basis of their occurrence the postpositions can be grouped broadly into two classes (a) postpositions which occur directly after the oblique form of all nouns and pronouns and (b) postpositions which occur after the genitive oblique form of the first and second person pronouns and with the other oblique forms of nouns and pronouns like (a). These are listed below :
 

type (a)
 

n~  

(//and/a/after/hm/

‘we’ and /tm/ ‘you’pl.only)

na~a
 
-g-~-r-~--  ‘of’ /-r-/ after 1st and 2 nd

person pronouns, /--/ only

after the reflexive /ap/ and

/-g-/ occurs with the rest of

the nominals.


Type (b)

 

ma 

‘in’

wr

‘on’

wrũ

‘from on’

d

‘towards’

to

‘upto’

tk

‘upto’

har 

‘like’

harũ

‘like’

blc 

‘between’

sng 

‘with’

na

‘with’

na  

‘from with’

ko  

‘from’

ko  

‘to with’

koũ

‘than, from’

wast    

‘for’

dũ~tũ  

‘from’

swa  ‘without’


Besides there are some postpositions out of type (b) which can also occur after {g~r~}. These are mostly derived postpositions such as :
 

/wast/ 
 

‘for’, 
 
/ko
 
‘to  with’,
 
/na
 
‘with’
 

There are adverbials which occur after /g ~ re ~ / (after the oblique form of the nominals) and /dũ/ which are similar in function to some of the postpositions mentioned above. These are adverbials of location such as /ka/ ‘behind’, /bár/ ‘out’, /Uppr/ ‘on’ /pIcch/ ‘behind, after’ /saw/ ‘in front’ heţh/ ‘down’, /bUn/ ‘below, down’, /gg/ ‘ahead’ /neţh/ ‘near’ functioning like postposition /na/ ‘with’ etc., as as in /wo mer 

 

 

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