 gg€
ayo/ |
‘He came before me’and |
/wo mera na
ayo/
|
| ‘He came with me’.
|
|
|
|
|
Now let us discuss adverbs and postpositions as to know their
differences and relationships.
|
|
Adverbs and Postpositions :
|
|
There are certain forms which can occur independently and these modify
the verb and in that case these are adverbs but postpositions are bound
which have to occur with noun or pronoun forms showing the case relation.
Some postpositional phrases can function the same way as adverb or
adverbial phrases such as adverb of location and time. For example :
|
|
gţţi
|
g€
|
Uppr
|
p€r |
rkh
|
‘Step
|
on
|
the
|
stone’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
4-5 |
3 |
|
1-2 |
|
|
In the above sentence, the phrase /gţţi
g€
Uppr/
marks the location and /gţţi/
denotes the case relation, of location and is realized with the help of /g€
Uppr/
‘on’ compound postposition and /p€r/
‘foot’ shows the objective relationship but in the sentences /t
Uppr ja/ ‘You, go up’, and
/wo Uppr
 /
‘He is up’; /Uppr/
is used as an independent word functioning as an adverb of location. Thus
/Uppr/
is primarily an adverb which can also occur like a postposition when
follows the postposition. The same is true with /bUn/ ‘below’ down;
etc. as in :
|
|
wo
|
bUn
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
down’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
mer€
|
bUn
|
r
|
|
‘He
|
lives
|
below
|
me’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
4-5 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
Us
|
go
|
k r
|
mera
|
d
|
bUn
|
E$
|
‘His
|
house
|
is
|
below
|
mine’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4-5 |
6 |
7
|
8 |
1-2 |
3 |
8 |
7 |
4-5 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
ap a
|
kr
|
d
|
bár
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
out
|
of
|
his
|
house’
|
| 1 |
2-3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
2-3 |
4 |
|
| |
|
gero
|
xtra
|
d
|
dur
|
|
‘Boy
|
is
|
free/away
|
from
|
danger’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
|
Some adverbs are formed by adding /-€/
suffix to the nominal stem and such adverbs as pointed out above also
occur after the possessive postpositions with /-€/
or /d/
postposition.
|
|
A few examples are :
|
|
wo
|
gg€
|
geyo
|
‘He
|
went
|
ahead’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
mer€
|
gg€
|
tho
|
‘He
|
was
|
ahead
|
of
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2-3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
mera |
d |
gg€
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
before
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2-3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
6 |
5 |
2-3-4 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
mer€
|
pIcch€
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
after
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2-3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
2-3 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
car
|
bja
|
d
|
pIcch€
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
after
|
4
|
O’clock’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
6 |
4-5 |
2 |
3 |
|
| |
|
Usn€
|
sttã
|
t ã
|
dũ
|
‘He
|
did
|
the
|
work
|
after
|
|
1
|
2 |
4 |
5 |
1-2 |
8 |
|
7 |
5-6 |
|
| |
|
pIcch€
|
km
|
kIyo
|
seven
|
days’
|
|
6
|
7 |
8 |
3 |
4 |
|
