|
sosa
ma-Ra skiya:le
1
2
3
|
`he
sees me'
1 3
2
|
|
basa
ti-Ra skiyu: s
1 2
3
|
'we
see you'
1
3 2
|
|
miya
guliyo buniyu:s
1
2
3
|
'i
see this'
1 3
2
|
|
miya
pho kita:po aRet
1
2 3
4
|
`I
brought that book`
1
4
2 3
|
|
miya
guliyo bunit
1
2 3
|
`I
tied the sticks`
1 3
2
|
|
miya
hamo gotpo gibet
1
2
3
4
|
`I
built this house`
1 4 2
3
|
|
|
| Dative
Case: |
The
dative marker is also -Ra. It defines the indirect object or the goal.
When the verb is a motion verb, it refers to the destination and otherwise
it refers to the recipient. Thus, though formally the accusative and
dative case markers are identical, semantically they are different.
When both occur in a sentence, the dative precedes the accusative.
Besides the order, the accusative marker is not added to the object
even when it is animate and thus the object and indirect objects can
be identified without ambiguity. |
|
mole-Ra
oRjan de
1
2 3
|
`give
milk to the child'
3
2
1
|
|
mo
gota-Ra biyu:s
1
2
3
|
`I
go to the house`
1 3
2
|
|
class=mahbsa
aso gota:Ra ya:li
1
2 3
4
|
`she
comes to our house`
1
4
2 3
|
|
|
The
dative case marker also occurs when the verb is ha ‘be’ which is an
intransitive verb. The combination of the dative noun and the ‘be’
verb give the meaning of possession as in the following sentences. |
|
ma-Ra
bye du hane
|
‘I
have two sons’
[lit.:to me sons two are]
|
|
sene du hane
|
‘I
have two small houses’
[lit.: to me houses small two are]
|
|
|
| 2.1.4.4.
Benefactive Case: |
The
been fictive case marker is phya:c&i and it defines the indirect
object for whose benefit the action is performed |
go:
lis pha: i
 a:s
aRe
1
2
3 4 |
‘bring
grass for the cow’
4
3 2
1 |
sina:s
phya:i
oR an
de
1
2
3
4 |
‘give
milk for the child’
4 3
2
1 |
myo
phya:i
mani:li aRe
1
2
3
4 |
‘bring bread for me’
4
3 2
1 |
tes
phya:i
kami:s taya:R the
1
2
3
4
|
‘prepare
shirt for them’
4
3 2
1 |
|
|
| 2.1.4.5.
Locative Case: |
The
locative case markers are -Ra and - a.
They refer to different kinds of location. -Ra is used when
interior location is referred to like the English preposition
‘in’ and -a
is used when exterior location is referred to like the English
preposition ‘on’. -Ra is formally identical to the accusative
and dative case markers but is semantically distinct. |
gota-Ra
khaRa ha
1
2
3 |
‘there
is sweet in the house’
1 3
2
1 |
anda-Ra
pene ha
1
2 3
|
‘there
is money in the pocket’
1
3 2 1
|
tes
bye bunu-Ra hane
1 2
3
4 |
‘his
sons are in the village’
1 2
4
3
|
mesu- a
kita:p ha
1
2 3
|
‘the
book is on the table’
2 3
1 |
|
|
