|
|
house near loc.
girl det. sit
|
|
‘the girl
just sat near the house’
|
|
i ka
myu hi more aru
ho ine
|
that man det.
forest loc. go-p.t.
|
|
‘that
man went near the firest’
|
|
|
|
| ‘pú´kó
ho’ : This is used to indicate that locus is in between two referents. |
alyi h
kle
anyi ka p k ho
da.
|
pig det. river
two gen. between loc. live
|
|
‘the pig lived
between two rivers’
|
|
putu anyi ka
p
k
ho aji hi do.
|
maintain two
gen. between loc. field det.exist
|
|
‘there is a
paddy field between two mountains’
|
|
|
|
| The
temporal notions are also expresed through the locative case sign. |
hime ata
h
aro ho ine
|
boy pl.w. det.
morning loc. go-p.t.
|
|
‘the boys went
in the morning’
|
|
m
anyi aro konci ho kapas
|
he two morning
early loc. meet-p.t.
|
|
‘they (two)
met at dawn’
|
|
ajimn
atamore
hok ayo ho nyanyo pabne
|
farmer pl.w.
forest abl. night loc. honey collect-p.t.
|
|
‘the farmers collected
honey from the forest in the night’
|
|
kago m
mi nasu sda
ho kapà
|
Kago he acc.
dance loc. see
|
|
‘Kago saw him
during a dance’
|
|
|
|
| When two locative
noun phrases occur in a single sentence in such a way that both the
phrases come under the dominance of the same verb, then the first
phrase is obligatorily changed to a existential possessive noun phrase.
This is done by adding ‘ka’ to the respective locative signs. |
|
|
| Instrumental
: |
| The instrumental
case sign is ‘lo’. It indicates the instrument used in carrying out
an action identified by the verb. |
|
|
he mithun acc.
sword inst. kill-p.t.
|
|
‘he killed a
mithun with a sword’
|
|
dumi m mi
lopa lo dambne
|
Dumi he acc.
stick inst. beat-p.t.
|
|
Dumi he acc.
stick inst. beat-p.t.
|
|
|
|
he bamboo inst.
house make-p.t.
|
|
‘he made a house
with bamboo’
|
|
|
|
| Purposive
: |
| In addition to the
dative case, another case relation found in Apatani is purposive.
One of the reasons for setting up a separate case category for purposive
is the presence of a separate morphologically distinct, case sign
‘pa’. Secondly, at the semantic level also dative and purposive express
different relationship. Dative case always expresses benefactive meaning
while purposive case expresses non-benefactive meaning. |
