| |
|
|
| 7.1 Order |
| |
| Adverbs
belonging to classes 1 and 3 and non-setentail manner adverbs of
class 4 follow the verb root, the tense, aspect and mood markers
being added to the adverb. |
| |
p 1
p t
s 2-li1
|
‘speak1 aloud2’ |
p1
pv 2-li1
|
‘speak1 well2’ |
r1
r l2-li1
|
‘drive1 slowly2’ |
 k 1
kl 2
pv3
s4-s2
|
‘They (pl.)1 sang2
very4 well3’ |
n  1
phr2
rkr3-y 2
|
‘Niu1 reads2
fast3’ |
kho pur1
ddz2 |
‘One1 should4
dress2 neatly3’ |
kms 3
m r u4 |
|
| pu1
tsh2
pv3-li2
|
‘He1 did2
well3’ |
|
| |
| But less
commonly they precede the verb. |
| |
rl1
psci 2
|
‘speak2 slowly1’ |
mh 1
v rli2
|
‘come2 quickly1’ |
|
| |
| Adverbs
qualifying a whole clause generally follow the subject in the
sentence. |
| |
thmi1
 d 2
hn3
vr4
|
‘(The) man1 came4
here3’ |
| |
yesterday2’ |
k1
cimli2  th3
kry4
|
‘We (incl. pl.)1 often2 |
| |
drink4 rice beer3’ |
| pu1
tkhr
mts2
hn3
|
‘She1 comes4
here3 monthly2’ |
| vry4 |
|
| 1 m
td2
pu3
dkhrw4
|
‘I1 killed4
him3 unknowingly2’ |
| k1
ci2
vd3
rz4
ty5
|
‘We (incl. pl.)1 will5
go and3 |
| |
play4 now2’ |
|
| |
| But the
temporal adverb s
‘always’ invariably follows the verb root and if there is
another manner adverb, follows that too |
| |
1
b
kr
k2
z3
s4-y3
|
‘I1 always4
sleep3 at 10 ‘o’ clock2’ |
pu1
mhts 2
rkr3
s4-y2
|
‘She1 always4
eats2 fast3’ |
|
| |
| The adverb l
‘again’ follows the roots of transitives verbs. |
| |
| k1
kjth2
ml3
l4
ty5
|
‘We (incl. pl.)1 will5
scale2 |
| |
(the) hill2 again4’ |
| 1
h2
phr3
l4
ty5
|
‘I1 will5
read3 this2
again4’ |
| k1
mhts2
l3-li2
|
‘We (incl.pl.)1 ate2
again3’ |
|
| |
| It usually
preceeds intransitive verbs but less commonly may follow them. |
| |
| 1
l2
vr3
ty4
|
‘I1 will4
come3 again2’ |
pu1
l2
vt 3
|
‘He1 has gone3
again2’ |
| tr1
l2
ty3
|
‘It’ll3 rain1
again2’ |
|
| |
| 7.2
Intensifcation |
| |
| The adverbs
may be followed by the particles of emphasis or intensification
-ph, t
and s*. The
intensifier s ‘very’
inveriably follows the adverbs of the first two classes and may
follow the other manner adverbs. |
| |
| A few
adverbs are intensified by partial reduplication. |
| |
| rl-rll
|
‘very slowly’ |
| rkr-rkrkr
|
‘very fast’ |
| pv-pvv
|
‘very well’ |
| pu-pusu
|
‘very badly’ |
| pt-ptt
|
‘very loud’ |
| p-ps
|
‘very low (noise)’ |
|
| |
| 8. Particles |
| |
| Particles
are morphological units which either have a functional meaning
or modify the noun or the verb. By our definition of the word as
a morpheme that is capable of occuring in an absolute position,
some are words and some are not. Particles which do not fulfil
the criterion of a word resemble post-positions in this respect. |
| |
| Particles
may be broadly classified into- |
| (a)
Interrogative particles |
| (b) Negative
particles |
| (c) Particle
of contrast |
| (d)
Affirmative particles |
| (e)
Particles of particularization |
| (f)
Particles of intensification or emphasis |
| (g)
Miscellaneous. |
