| |
|
|
| The first
two viz. Interrogative and Negative particles have been dealt
with elsewhere in detail. Both have a functional meaning. |
| |
The particle
of contrast is w . It
modifies the noun which it follows contrasting it with the nouns
that occured earlier in the discourse. It is an almost exact
equivalent of the Hindi too as in mai too nahi jaantaa ‘I1
don’t2 know3’ |
| |
w1
ty t 2
ty3
|
‘I1 will3
go2’ |
w1
s  2   3
m4 |
‘I1 do not4
know3 it2’ |
k whr
w1
ms2
|
‘Kohima1 is clean2’ |
|
| |
The
Affirmative particles are 
‘yes’ and w ‘yes’ both
of which mark affirmation of a propositon the latter having a
very limited usage. |
| |
1 2
 hgmi
ng3
|
‘Yes1, I2
(am) (an) Angami Naga3’ |
1 2
v r3
ty4
|
‘Yes1, I2
will4 go3’ |
w1
vrt i2
|
‘Yes1, am/is/are
coming2’ |
| w1
vtir2
|
‘Yes1, am/is/are going2’ |
|
| |
| The
particles of particularization are h
and s. They are often
used redundantly. |
| |
h1
h
tf 2
|
‘This1 (is) (a) dog2’ |
s1
s pu 2
z |
‘That1 (was) him2’ |
thmi 1
s pu2
z |
‘He2 (was) the man1’ |
|
| |
| In the
second and third examples, there are two particles s
and z following the
nouns. The former may be considered a particularizer and the
latter an emphatic. |
| |
| The emphatic
particle z which may
modify a verb or a noun is used quite frequently in the
language. |
| |
| pu1
v b
z2
|
‘He1 is very well2’ |
| hini1
kr
ty b
z2
|
‘We (excl.du.)1 are
marrying2’ |
| to
meaning literally |
‘exactly’ |
| pu1
rd2
to3
lit2
|
‘He1 just3
excaped2’ |
|
| |
The
intensifiers are s
which also is very frequent, ph ,
r l
and t . The first two
may be translated into English as ‘very or quite’ and the third
is an intensifier for verbs descriptive of physical obstruction.
ph literally means
‘sufficiently’ and r
is formally a verb meaning ‘to be difficult, hard’ |
| |
1
pu3
hpi n 2
s4
|
‘I1 like2
her3 very much4’ |
n1
tsl
tsh 2
pv3
s4-s2
|
‘You1 sang2
very4 well3’ |
| mk
s |
‘to be very/ |
| mk
ph |
‘quite cold’ |
| thmi1
vr b2
ph3-t2
|
‘People1 have come2
in large numbers3’ |
| tkhri1
r2
|
‘It is1 very2
windy1’ |
| l |
|
| 1 2
m3
l4
|
‘I1 do not3
know2 (at all)4’ |
| pu1
vr2
m3
l4
|
‘He1 did not3
come2 (at all)4’ |
| t
is a stronger intensifier than l |
|
| 1 2
m3
t4
|
‘I1 do not3
know2 at all4’ |
| pu1
hn2
vry3
m4
t5 |
‘He1 does not4
come3 here2 at
all5’ |
|
| |
| The
miscellaneous particles are r
‘also’ and rb
‘only’ which unlike the other paticles of noun modification may
follow case markers. |
| |
| pu1
r2
v3
|
‘She1 also2
went3’ |
| 1
r2
s3
|
‘including3 me1
also2’ |
| 1
l2
r3
|
‘for3 me1
also2’ |
| k1
pu2
krhi3
r s4
|
‘They (pl.)1 scolded3
him2 also3’ |
| 1
rb
z2 |
‘only2 I1’ |
| thnmi1
l2
rb3
|
‘only3 for2
women1’ |
|
| |
| rb
in the sense of ‘alone’ has been treated as an adverb. |
| |
| 9.0.0
Word-Formation |
| |
| The two
processes of word-formation in Angami are derivation and
word-compounding, the former being a morphological and the
latter a lexical process. |
| |
| 9.1.0
Derivation is a morphological process by which words are derived
from different form classes mainly by prefixation. |
| |
| 9.1.1 Nominals or gerunds and abstract nouns are derived from the verb
by prefixing k- |
| |
| ch
‘to pray’ kch
|
‘praying or prayer’ |
|
‘to know’ k
|
‘knowing or knowledge’ |
| ms
‘to clean’ kms
|
‘cleaning’ or ‘cleanliness’ |
| zv
|
‘to be beautiful’ |
| kzv |
‘being beautiful’ or beauty’ |
mhdz
‘to be poor’ mhkdz
|
‘being poor’ or ‘poverty’ |
|
