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| 3.5.0 The
Source case denotes the source of the action or state
identified by the verb. |
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| The source may be (a) Spatial, (b) Temporal, (c) Statal, (d)
Causal |
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3.5.1.
(a) Spatial source may be source not only of motion verbs like
v ‘go’,
vr
‘come’, k to
‘to roll down’ etc. but also of three participant non-motion
verbs like pi ‘to
receive’ and
h li ’
‘to get’ etc. It is marked for human nouns by k n,
for non-human nouns, by nn
and for high-altitude substantives by g n.
Assuming that nn
is the basic source case marker, we have |
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| k+nn®kn
(human source) |
| n+nn®nn (inanimate source or inanimate interior-source or the
traditional Elative) |
| g+nn®gn (inanimate high altitude source or inanimate exterior source) |
| |
| or
alternatively, identifying the Locative case markers in the
Source markers, we have |
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| (a) k
+ loc. (human source) |
| (b) n
+ loc. (inanimate source or inanimate interior source or the
traditional Elative) |
(c) g+
loc. (inanimate high-altitude source) |
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(d) loc. gi + loc. nu (inanimate exterior source) |
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(24) (a) th mi
kn
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‘from (the) man’ |
(b) d m p r
nn
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‘from Dimapur’ |
| (c) k
nn
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‘from (the) house’ |
(d) k th
gn
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‘from (the) hill’ |
(e)
lskpr
u gn
|
‘from (the) kite’ |
| (f) t
gn
|
‘from (the) sky’ |
| (g) sb
gn
|
‘from (the) tree’ |
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Interior and Exterior source distinction is not relevant for
animate nouns. But the distinction is clear-cut for inanimate
nouns (individual body parts will be considered inanimate for
this purpose). |
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(25) (a) 1
pu
ji2
gn3
gr4
pilit 5 |
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‘I1 took5 the watch4
from3 his hand2’
(from his wrist) |
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(b) 1
pu
ji2
nn3
gr4
pilit5 |
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‘I1 took5 (the)
watch4 from3 his
hand2’ (from inside his grip) |
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(c) pu1
mz2
gn3
tshli4 |
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‘He1 took4 from3
(the) table2’ (from the surface) |
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(d) pu1
mz2
nn3
tshlie4 |
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‘He1 took4 from3
(the) table2’
(from inside the drawer) |
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(e) k
gn
‘from the open surface of the roof of the house’ |
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(f) k
nn
‘from inside the house’ |
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3.5.2. (b) Temporal Source is marked by nn
if it is a well defined point of time and by nu if it is a
rather vague period of time. |
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kb
kr
nn
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‘from 10 ‘O’ clock’ |
| rde
nn
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‘Since December’ |
|
khs
n |
‘Since morning’ |
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3.5.3 (c) Statal Source denotes the initial state of a process
and is marked by nn |
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ngl nd1
stt
kts
ki2
pu 3
nn4
z
s5
prt6 |
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‘Nagaland1 has grown6
verb big5 from4 a
very small state2’ |
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3.5.4.(d) Cause Source denotes the origin or cause-concrete or
abstract-leading to a consequence. It is marked by gn |
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(26) (a) thnmi
gn1
pnyks2
‘Having been born2 of woman1’ |
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(b) pu1
kthpf2
gn3
zpls4
hli5 |
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‘He1 got15 (a)
certificate4 by virtue of3
(his) bravery2’ |
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Path (case ?) is expressed by the Source case marker nn |
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pu1
khdk2
nn3
pr4
‘He1 came4 through3
(the) window2’ |
pu1
pu2
zpf
ji
n(n)3
‘She1 sent5 (her)
letter4 through3 |
|
ls4
ktses5
her2 friend3’ |
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3.6.0. The Goal or Allative case denotes the destination,
direction or extent of a physical movement or the goal of a
communicative act or of three-participant verbs like pits
‘give’ kts
‘send’ tc. |
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The goal of physical movement and communicative act is marked by
ki for human nouns. It is marked for inanimate nouns by n
and for commonly known high-altitude substantives by g.
It may be noted that the high-altitude substantives taking g
make afinite, non-productive set which includes high-altitude
places commonly known to an uneducated Angami mind. |
