| |
|
|
| 3.3.0.
The Executor, Communicative and the Unmarked objective
cases, as stated earlier, define the three different case roles
of the DO. |
| |
3.3.1
When the DO is the executor of a wish/request/instruction/prayer
expressed in the sentence, it is marked by b
which follows the DO. |
| |
(19) (a)
pu
b2
v r3   b 4
|
‘I1 want(ed)4
him2 to come3’ |
(b) w 1 k pnypf
b2 3
|
‘We1 pray5
to God2 to save4
us3’ |
kl sn d 4
ch y5 |
|
|
| |
| Note that in
a sentence like |
| |
w1 kpnypf2
k 3
chy4
‘We1 pray4 to3
God2’ |
| |
| The
wish/request/prayer is not explicit and the NP takes the Goal
case marker ki and not the Executor case marker b.
In syntactic terms, the subject of the embedded sentence, when
it is promoted as the object of the matrix senetence, denotes
the Executor case relationship and is marked by b. |
| |
(20) (a)
mhhu
pu pi/s2
|
‘I1 asked4
the teacher3 a |
|
kpth
k3
kts4
|
question2’ |
(b) pu1
a mi
dz pi/s2
|
‘He1 spoke3
about Aos2’ |
|
ps3 |
|
(c)
1
pu2
ky
pu pi/s2
|
‘My1 father2
told5 me4 a |
|
ki4 ps5
|
joke3’ |
| (d)
thdz
pu pi/s2
|
‘I1 will tell2
you3 astory2’ |
k3
ps
ty4 |
|
|
| |
| 3.3.3. The
DO is unmarked elsewhere. It is ‘marked’ by a word-order
constraint : The first of the two nouns in linear or temporal
order is the subject and the next the DO in active sentences. |
| |
|
(21) (a) tf1
pu2
mkw3
|
‘(The) dog1 bit3
him2’ |
| (b)
thv2
pu2
khrli4
|
‘I1 bought4
a3 pig2’ |
|
(c)
1
pu2
kisli3
|
‘Call3 your1
father2’ |
| (d) pu1
lsd2
pu3
khs4
|
‘He1 gave4
a3 book2’ |
|
(e) tf1
2
r3
|
‘The dog1 barked3
(at) me2’ |
(f) pu1
pfh 2
bli2
|
‘Wait (for)2 him1’ |
|
| |
3.4. The
Locative or Place case expresses the ‘location or spatial
orientation’ of the action or state identified by the verb. It
denotes location of two types :(a) Location inside and (b)
Location on the external surface, inessive and adessive
respectively in traditional terms. Location inside is marked by
n and
nnfor non-high altitude substantives, n
occuring with verbs denoting habitual, iterative or genertic
while nn
occurs with verbs denoting non-habitual, specific action. |
| |
22) (a) cn1
dz 2
n3
zt4
|
‘Sugar1 dissolves4
in3 water2’ |
| (b)
thndz2
nn3
cn4
pzs5
|
‘I1 dissolved5
sugar4 in3 milk2’ |
| (c)
blh2
kls3
n4
zty5
|
‘I1 sleep5
in4 Belho’s2
class3 (usually) |
| (d)
thi2
kls3
nn4
zt5
|
‘I1 slept5
in4 (the) class3
today2’ |
|
| |
| The Locative
case indicating location inside seems to be rarely used with
animate nouns. |
| |
Location on
the external surface is marked by g |
| |
| k
g |
‘on the house’ |
| bs
g |
‘on the bus’ |
|
g |
‘on me’ |
|
thv
g |
‘on the pig’ |
|
| |
| The two
kinds of location are not distinguished for commonly known or
characteristically high-altitude substantives and are expressed
by g and
gn,
g occuring with verbs
denoting general habitual action while gnoccurs with verbs denoting non-habitual, specific action. |
| |
| (23)(a) pu1
kjth2
g3
lhy4
|
‘He1 lives4
on/in3 (the) hills2’ |
|
(b) k1
kjth2
gn3
sit4
|
‘They1 died4
on/in3 (the) hills2’ |
(c) pu1
kpru2
(r)
gn3  it4
|
‘She1 died4
on/in3 (the) plane2’ |
|
(d) t1
g2
thm3
kkr4
b5
|
‘There are5 many4
stars3 in2 (the)
sky1’ |
|
| |
| It may be
noted that in situations where there can really be no
distinction between location inside and location on the place
referred to, seems to determine the choice of the place case
marker. Thus, it is bzr
n ‘in the bazaar’ if
the market is not above the place of the speech act and bzr
g ‘in the bazaar if
the market is condiserably higher in altitude than the place of
the locutionary act. |
