iulo
kumu k ha |
`I
have nothing with me’ (lit. I hand in nothing no) etc. |
| 123
4 5 |
1 2 3
4 5 |
|
Allomorphs of the pronouns |
| 1. The
I and II person personal pronouns ni, no have an oblique form without
the initial consonant. The oblique form occurs with different items
when these pronouns form part of the predicate. The oblique form also
occurs when these pronouns function as a determiner, as in : |
| ni |
`I’ |
no |
`you
(sg)’ |
| i |
`I’
(oblique) |
o |
you
(sg) (oblique) |
| ic |
give
me’ |
ocöke |
`gave
you’ |
| iki |
`my
house’ |
okģ |
`your
house’ etc. |
|
|
In
addition, in the case of the I person pronoun, the oblique form also
occurs before the nominative case marker no, as in :
|
| 2. The
third person masculine personal pronoun pa has another allomaph viz.
panó which occurs before the plural marker ´ł. In all other situation
pa occurs. |
| 3.2.3.
Numerals |
|
The numerals in Sema were formally defined as that grammatical class
which form a sub-class of nominal capable of taking case markers and
preceding post positions, but are incapable of occurring in its uninflected
form as the sole realization of a NP1 and at the systematic level,
the noun would be the nucleus of a NP consisting of a noun and a numeral.
The sub-grouping and the morphological constructions of the numerals
in Sema are discussed in the following paras. |
| 3.2.3.1.
Sub-classification |
| On
the paradigmatic axis, the numerals in Sema may be sub grouped in
the first instance into two, viz., (i) those consisting of a single
form/morpheme (i.e. primary ones) like lakhģ `one’cöFe `ten’ etc.,
and (ii) those consisting of two or more forms/morphemes (i.e. secondary
ones) like muku kini `twentytwo’etc. A brief discussion of these follows.
|
| Primary
numerals |
|
The following are the primary numerals available in Sema : |
| lakhģ |
`one’ |
kh |
`three’ |
| kini |
`two’ |
bidģ |
`four’ |
| po´u |
`five’ |
cFé |
`ten’ |
| cFó |
`six’ |
muku |
`twenty’ |
| cini |
`seen’ |
sF |
`thirty’ |
| tacč |
`eight’ |
akhč |
`hundred’ |
| koku |
`nine’ |
aslyč |
`ten
thousan’ |
|
|
| aslyč
originally meant only countless, but not used to refer to `ten thousand’
|
| 3.2.3.2.
Secondary numerals : types of combinations |
| All
the numerals in Sema except the ones listed above under the primary
numerals are secondary numerals. The constituents of a secondary numeral
may have different types of relationship with the other constituents.
Depending upon this relationship the secondary numerals in Sema can
be sub-sub-grouped into four. These sub-sub-groups along with their
relationships amongst the constituents are stated below. |
| (i) The
constituents showing the relationship of summation, as in: |
| cFé |
`ten’
+ khakhģ `one’ |
ctFekhakhģ |
`eleven’ |
| muku |
`twenty
+ kh
`three’ |
mukuthķ |
`twenty
three’ |
| sFé |
`thirty’
+ kģ
nģ
`two’ |
sFékini |
`thirty
two’ etc. |
|
|
| All
the numerals from 11 to 19, 21 to 29 and 31 to 39 show this type of
relationship viz., summation, between their constituents. |
| (ii) The
constituents showing the relationship of multiplication |
| lho
`ten’ x bidģ
`four’ |
`lhobidģ |
`forty’ |
lho
`ten’ x po u
`five’ |
`lhopo´u |
`fifty’ |
| akhč
`hundred’ x kini `two’ |
akhčkini |
`two
hundred’ etc. |
|
|
| The
multiples of ten from 40 to 90 and multiples of 100 show this type
of relationship between their constituents. |
| (iii) The
first two constituents showing the relationship of multiplication
and the resultant form showing the relationship of summation with
the third one, as in : |
| lho
`ten’ x bidi `four’ = lakhģ
`one’ |
lhobd ģ
lakhģ |
`fortyone’ |
|
|
