ND.
The adverbs occurring in VPs having NA, ND and Adverbs as
its constituents, could be either pre-posed or post-posed
to NA but cannot be post-posed to the ND, as in - |
ino
anu lakhì ekili c wya |
`I
gave Ekili a child’ |
ino
isi anu lakhì ekili cwya
}
or
ino anu lakhì isi ekili cwya
} |
`today
I gave Ekili a child’ |
|
In
the previous paras, the various constituents of a VP in Sema,
with a principal verb as the nucleus along with the sequences
in which they occur were discussed. The same can now be presented
in a schematic formula : |
|
VP —>+ { Adv. P ± NA ± VC
+ V }
{ Adv. P + NA + ND + VD trans} |
There are certain restriction as well as freedom in the word-order
in the operation of the scheme presented above, these are
: |
| (i) |
The
NA is present with the V only when the verb is in
its transitive construction and in such a construction,
the VC if any, could also be pre-posed to the NA. |
| (ii) |
When the VP has a VD trans as its head, the adv. P
if any, in the VP might also be post-posed to the
NA but not to a ND. |
|
Having discussed the constituents of a VP with a principal
verb as its head, it is proposed to discuss the constituents
of a VP having a locative verb as its head. A few illustrative
examples of the occurrences of the locative phrases in Sema
are given below. |
| (a)
iwu kaku hile anì
1 2 3 4
iwu kaku ikìlo anì
1 2 34 5 6
icö tile alulo anì
1 2 3 4 5 6
|
`my
books are here’
1 2 4 3
`my books are in my house’
1 2 3 5 3 4
`my dog is there in the field’
1 2 6 3 5 4 |
(b)
niye ikì lakhì anì
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
`I
have a house’
(lit. I (focus marker) I house one is)
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
niye
tile ikì lakhì anì
niye alulo ikì kize
kini anì |
`I
have a house there’
I have two big houses in the field’ |
|
|
It can be seen from the illustrative examples given above
that the set (a) locates the NP occurring at the beginning
of the sentence, whereas set (b) has two NPs showing in between
them the relationship of possessor-possessed. The structure
of the latter set however need to be reinterpreted, i.e.,
an utterence like. |
| niye
ikì kize kini anì
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
`I
have two big houses’
(lit. I (focus marker) I house big
1 2 3 4 5
two has)
6 7 |
|
would have to be reinterpreted to mean : two houses are located
in me, even though the location is not overtly marked. One
has to reinterpret the utterence in this manner, primarily
because NP1 cannot be treated, as the subject of the sentence,
as it never takes the nominative case marker, but may or may
not take the focus marker. Thus locative phrases of this type
would have a discontinuous form, viz. |
LP—>NP
+ Adv. . . . . + 1v |
It
was seen in the previous para that the set(a) locates the
NP occurring as the first word of the sentences. For giving
emphasis to the place of location, iwth certain restriction,
it is possible to change the word-order between the locative
adverb and and the NP, as in : |
| tile
iwu kaku anì |
`there
is my book’ |
|
`there
are three dogs’ etc. |
|
The
main restriction in the occurrences of this type of construction
is that only a pure locative adverb and not a functional locative
adverb could exchange the place with a NP. And further that
if a sentence has two or more adverbs, the shift in word order
is not possible. |
Having
discussed the constitutents of a locative phrase, its constituents
may be presented in a schematic formula. |
LP
—>{NP }+ 1v
{Adv } |
In
the schema presented above, whereas the LP with a NP as a
constituent would invariably be a discontinuous one, the LP
with an adverb may or may not be a discontinuous one. With
this it would be possible to present in a schematic dormula
the constituents of the entire verb phrase. |
| |
{
± Adv. P ±NA ± Vc ±
V } |
| |
{
± Adv. P + NA + ND + VD
trans. } |
| VP
—> |
{
+ {NP + adv } |
| |
{
Adv } + 1v |
|
