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ND. The adverbs occurring in VPs having NA, ND and Adverbs as its constituents, could be either pre-posed or post-posed to NA but cannot be post-posed to the ND, as in -
ino anu lakhì ekili cwya
`I gave Ekili a child’
ino isi anu lakhì ekili cwya }
or
ino anu lakhì isi ekili cwya }
`today I gave Ekili a child’
In the previous paras, the various constituents of a VP in Sema, with a principal verb as the nucleus along with the sequences in which they occur were discussed. The same can now be presented in a schematic formula :
VP —>+ { Adv. P ± NA ± VC + V }
{ Adv. P + NA + ND + VD trans}
There are certain restriction as well as freedom in the word-order in the operation of the scheme presented above, these are :
(i)
The NA is present with the V only when the verb is in its transitive construction and in such a construction, the VC if any, could also be pre-posed to the NA.
(ii)
When the VP has a VD trans as its head, the adv. P if any, in the VP might also be post-posed to the NA but not to a ND.
Having discussed the constituents of a VP with a principal verb as its head, it is proposed to discuss the constituents of a VP having a locative verb as its head. A few illustrative examples of the occurrences of the locative phrases in Sema are given below.
(a) iwu kaku hile anì
1 2 3 4
iwu kaku ikìlo anì
1 2 34 5 6
icö tile alulo anì
1 2 3 4 5 6
`my books are here’
1 2 4 3
`my books are in my house’
1 2 3 5 3 4
`my dog is there in the field’
1 2 6 3 5 4
(b) niye ikì lakhì anì
1 2 3 4 5 6
`I have a house’
(lit. I (focus marker) I house one is)
1 2 3 4 5 6
niye tile ikì lakhì anì
niye alulo ikì kize
kini anì
`I have a house there’
I have two big houses in the field’
It can be seen from the illustrative examples given above that the set (a) locates the NP occurring at the beginning of the sentence, whereas set (b) has two NPs showing in between them the relationship of possessor-possessed. The structure of the latter set however need to be reinterpreted, i.e., an utterence like.
niye ikì kize kini anì
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
`I have two big houses’
(lit. I (focus marker) I house big 
1 2 3 4 5
two has)
6 7
would have to be reinterpreted to mean : two houses are located in me, even though the location is not overtly marked. One has to reinterpret the utterence in this manner, primarily because NP1 cannot be treated, as the subject of the sentence, as it never takes the nominative case marker, but may or may not take the focus marker. Thus locative phrases of this type would have a discontinuous form, viz.
LP—>NP + Adv. . . . . + 1v
It was seen in the previous para that the set(a) locates the NP occurring as the first word of the sentences. For giving emphasis to the place of location, iwth certain restriction, it is possible to change the word-order between the locative adverb and and the NP, as in :
tile iwu kaku anì
`there is my book’
tile ac kth anì
`there are three dogs’ etc.
The main restriction in the occurrences of this type of construction is that only a pure locative adverb and not a functional locative adverb could exchange the place with a NP. And further that if a sentence has two or more adverbs, the shift in word order is not possible.
Having discussed the constitutents of a locative phrase, its constituents may be presented in a schematic formula.
LP —>{NP }+ 1v
        {Adv }
In the schema presented above, whereas the LP with a NP as a constituent would invariably be a discontinuous one, the LP with an adverb may or may not be a discontinuous one. With this it would be possible to present in a schematic dormula the constituents of the entire verb phrase.
  { ± Adv. P ±NA ± Vc ± V }
  { ± Adv. P + NA + ND + VD trans. }
VP —> { + {NP + adv }
  { Adv } + 1v

 

 

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