Locative type:
|
|
moy gor tat
 se |
‘my house is there’ |
| sualitu gorte
se |
‘the girl is in the
house’ |
| |
|
| Equative type: |
|
| kitabtu bal |
‘the book (is) good’ |
| tay khetimanu |
‘he (is) a peasant’ |
| itu mor gor |
‘it (is) my house’ |
| kitabtu bas hobo |
‘the book will be
good’, etc. |
| |
|
|
Complex
Sentences:
|
A complex
sentence is one in which one of the clauses, viz., the principal
clause is modified by one or more subordinate clauses, which are
grammatically dependent upon the principal clause. The clauses are
combined by conjunctions like: jodi/le ‘if’, homati ‘until’, nimite
‘so/because’, etc. A complex sentence by definition must have one
principal clause. The subordinate clauses1 in
this language can either be preposed or postposed to the principal
clause, as in :
|
jodi tay jabo
moy kam koribo ‘If he goes I will
work’
moy jabo lagise itu nimitu jayse ‘I had to go, so I went’,
etc.
|
Compound
sentences:
|
The compound
sentences are those in which the constituent clauses are grammatically
coordinate with none being dependent on the other, but all the
constituents being added together in a sequence with or without the
coordinating conjunctions like:
ru
‘and’, kintu ‘but’, etc. The conjoined structures preserve their
sentential status within the larger sentence and do not subordinate
one sentence as a constituent to the other or some part of the other.
Thus a compound, sentence by definition must have at least two
principal clauses, as in:
|
| moy tak poysa
dise kintu muk kitab diya ny |
| 1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 |
| ‘I gave him
money but he did not give me the book’ |
| 1
4 2 3
5
9 8 6
7 |
| sualitu poysa
dibo lage nhole tak kitab n
dibi |
| 1
2 3 4
5 6
7 8 9 10 |
| ‘The girl must
give money otherwise do not give her the book’ |
| 2
1 5 4
3 6
9 10 7
8 |
1
The subordinate clauses are put in italics.
|
In this section,
the types of sentences occurring in this language were discussed. The
discussion that preceded so far consisted of only the affirmative
sentences. It is possible to transform any affirmative sentence into
an interrogative or negative sentence. The next section discusses the
rules of transformation of an affirmative sentence into an
interrogative or negative sentence.
|
3.8.
|
Transformation: |
On the basis of
the function, the traditional grammarians have classified the
sentences into different types, viz., statements, questions,
exclamations and commands. Of these, the exclamatory sentences were
discussed in this grammar as minor type of sentences, and commands as
sentences having the verb in the imperative form. The statements could
be both in the affirmative and in the negative. So far only the
statements in the affirmative were discussed. A statement may be
transformed into an interrogative or negative sentence through certain
processes or operations. A command in the affirmative could also be
transformed into a negative command.
|
The term
transformation is used here in a general sense rather than in the
particular sense in which it is defined in any one theory that deeper
connections between sentences which cut across the surface grammar are
transformational relationships.
|
Some of these
relations were/are well recognized and handled satisfactorily in many
of the traditional as well as the phrase structure grammars including
this one. Beginning with negation, it is proposed to discuss in this
section the system of transforming any affirmative sentence into
either a negative or interrogative sentence.
|
3.8.1.
|
Negation |
Any affirmative
sentence including the one with a verb in the imperative and any
interrogative sentence could b transformed into a simple negative,
imperative negative or an interrogative negative sentence by selecting
the appropriate negative particle and by the appropriate placement of
the same in the word-order of the affirmative sentence concerned.
There are three negative particles in this language. These are : ny
no and n Basically the
transformation of an affirmative sentence into a negative one involves
the VP, particularly the verb including the tense and the modal
markers, the verb carries and also some types of sentences. It is
therefore proposed to discuss the occurrences of the negative particles
with the verbs in different tenses and moods and also with the
sentences.
|
