While no further
sub-grouping of the functional adverbs are possible, the adverbs
proper can be sub-grouped, but based on sematic domain only. The
adverbs proper could be sub-divided into adverbs of : manner, location
and time. It may be pertinent to note here that the functional adverbs
fall into the sub-group of adverbs of location and direction, as they
are substitutable by a single adverb of location and direction.
Therefore no distinction is made hereafter, between an adverb proper
and a functional adverb. A few illustrative examples of the three
sub-groups are listed below:
|
(i) Adverbs of
manner:
|
lahe
‘slowly’
joldi ‘quickly’, etc.
|
(ii) Adverbs of
time:
|
hoday
‘daily/always’
itya ‘now’, etc.
|
(iii) Adverbs of
location and direction:
|
osor
‘near’
dur ‘far’
tate ‘there’
bitor ‘inside’
gor pora ‘from the house’
gas nice ‘below the tree’
gorot ‘to the house’, etc.
|
The sub-grouping
of the adverbs had to be made on a semantic basis, as no formal
criterion either on the paradigmatic axis or on the syntagmatic axis
is possible for the sub-grouping, primarily because all the adverbs
are invariables and also because of the absence of any fixed word
order amongst the three sub-groups of adverbs, when all three of them
occur in a VP, for instance:
|
| tay hoday skulot lahe |
 |
|
| tay lahe skulot hoday
jayse |
‘he always goes to
school slowly’ |
| tay skulot hoday lahe |
|
|
The adverb of
time could, however, be distinguished from the other two sub-groups in
that an adverb of time cannot form an endocentric construction with
the instensifier etom ‘very’. Whereas the other two groups can as in :
|
etom dur
‘very far’
etom lahe ‘very slow’
|
Here, a further
sub-grouping could be made between the adverbs of location and
direction, in that only adverbs of direction could form endocentric
construction with an intensifier. This however, is not done, as no
additional advantage is obtained.
|
Intensifiers
|
The
intensifiers in this language was defined (vide 3.1) as a closed set
of invariables which on the syntagmatic axis can function as a
satellite in both adjectival and adverbial phrases, as in :
|
etom joldi
‘very quickly’
etom bal ‘very good’, etc.
|
Particles
|
The particles
form another small group of invariables. On the basis of the syntactic
construction in which they occur, the particles in this language may
be broadly sub-grouped into two, viz., conjunctives and miscellaneous
ones. A brief discussion of these follows:
|
1.
|
Conjunctives: |
The conjunctive
particles connect words, phrases, clauses and sentences for showing
different types of relationships between two parts of a sentence or
between two sentences. The conjunctives occurring in this language
can, therefore, be further sub-divided into six sub-classes. A brief
discussion of these follows:
|
(i)
Alternative:
|
n hole
‘or’ (lit.no if i.e., if not)
tay nlore tay bohini jabo ‘he
or his sister will go’
tay poysa dibolage nhole tak
kitab ndibi
‘he must pay the money, otherwise do not give him the book’
|
(ii)
Contrastive:
|
kintu ‘but’
moy tak poyse dise kintu muk kitab diyany
‘I gave him the money but he did not give me the book’
moy kheti nkori kintu moy ophisr
se
‘I am not a peasant but an officer’
|
(iii)
Correlative:
|
jiman....himan
‘as much as’
tak jiman lage himan lobodi ‘allow him to take as much as he needs’
ru.....n’
neither’...nor’ (lit. and ...no)
tay
ru tay bohini njabo
‘neither he nor his sister will go’
|
(iv) Additive
:ru ‘and’
|
sonia
ru yama
jayse ‘Sonia and
Shyama went’
sonia
hise
ru yama
jayse ‘Sonia came and Shyama went’
|
