| of imperative sentences
differ considerably from that of statements. These sentences are always
in direct speech. |
| Transformation rules |
| 1. Nominal
or pronominal subject occurring in the statement, if any, is changed
to vocative with the necessary vocative marker and intonation. |
| 2.
The predicate is made devoid of any tense marker. Thereafter, second
person singular, dual or plural imperativemarker is suffixed to the
verb root, which however can be also in passive, reflexive ro reciprocal
form.Imperatives are formed also with precative marker /k/, in tense
with Ę. |
| 3. The imperative
sentence will have its own intonation, separted from the vocative,
with falling tone at the terminal. |
| 4. Depending
upon the tense markers Ę, -ta, -le, and
-aka, limited for these constructions, an imperative may be either
simple, static, anterior or continuous one. |
| Illustrations
|
|
statement
|
- am sentanam
|
‘you are
going’
|
|
imperatives
|
- amga! sene!
|
‘you! go!’
|
|
amga!
|
sentame!
|
‘you ! go off!’
|
|
amga!
|
senleme!
|
‘you!
go first!’
|
|
amga!
|
senakame!
|
‘you! be going!’
|
|
|
| The forms like dola,
mar, auri etc. may be used as imperative vocative or as a complete
imperative without a marker: |
|
‘auri!’
|
‘wait a bit’
|
|
‘mar!’
|
‘proceed
ahead’
|
|
‘dola!’
|
‘let us
do’
|
|
|
| The falling intonation
is necessary for using them as imperatives, otherwise, their meaning
changes in other constructions. |
| 4.5.
Transsormations for precatives: |
| Mundari does
not differentiate between concessive and optative and it has one and
the same transformation rules for changing a statement into any of
the two. The common marker for the two is /k/, which may take forms
of /ka/ or /ko/ or even /ke/, depending upon the morphophonemic changes.
Precative transformation, unlike the imperative, is possibe with all
persons. However, there is no change in the intonation pattern when
compared to statement type sentences. |
| Transformation rules |
| 1. The precative
marker /k/ is inserted immediately before f.v.m. /a/ in the verb phrase,
except in negative where /ka/ is suffixed to /alo/, before the pronominal
subject is added to it. |
| 2. The predicate
is limited to Ę, -ta, -le, and -aka tenses
and accordingly the precative may be simple, static, anterior and
continuous one respectively. The verb root may take passive or reflexi
ve. |
| Illustrations |
|
‘auri!’
|
‘wait a bit’
|
|
‘mar!’
|
‘proceed
ahead’
|
|
‘dola!’
|
‘let us
do’
|
|
|
| Sometimes,
double optative may be used with intransitive verbs, in which the
first one indicates the anterior in place of /-le/: |
senkokai
|
‘let me go first’
|
|
or
|
‘may I go first,
please’.
|
|
|
| However, with transitive
verb: |
|
lel-le-ka-i
‘may I first see it’
|
| As indicated before,
the imperative also may be used with the precative mood in tense indicated
by & , as in: |
|
amga! senkome! ‘you! please go!
|
