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nirsidaeai ‘I will first run’.

/sida/ may also be used with the transitive verbs without meaning a precedence of one action over the other -

omsidakoai      ‘first I will give it to them’.

(vi) Causal - /te/
te: is used with the aspects /akan/, akad, /ken/, ked/, /led/, /len/, etc., to denote a cause of the course of action, i.e., ‘on occount of’ something. It can be used with both transitive and intransitive roots. However, after the /d/ of the aspect markers it takes a prefix of /a/ and the consonant is elisioned leaving the preceding vowel checked -

omke?ate
‘on account of having been given’
seno?akante
‘on account of going’

(vii) Absolutive - ci
ci: apart from the interrogative, it is also used as an absolutive which denotes the completion of one act before which something is or is going to be undertaken. This is also used after all the aspect markers with both types of verbs -

jomkedoi
‘after taking the meals’
omki?ci
‘after having given’

These two actualy perform the function of adverbs and they will be dealt with among the adverbial phrases.
(viii) Participle - formation : The perticiple is formed only with the aspect markers without the f.v.m. /a/. All the aspects can have the participlar forms with both types of verbs.
(ix) mena? and bono?: The words denoting ‘to be’ and ‘not to be’ play very important role in Mundari and replace the present tense marker very frequently for denoting the existence or non-existance of athing or action, in the present when used sxistentially they do not take f.v.m.:

bulu mena
‘there is salf’
cauli bano?
‘there is no rice’

These terms stand for a concrete existence or absence respectively.
The compositon of mena? is by adding /a?/ a demonstrative suffix with relation to space or localization to /men/ ‘to say’ anp literally mena? will mean ‘ to say (something) to be there’
bano? is obviously a passive form. However, /bano?/ cannot be related to any root. Without the suffix /o?/, the /bano?/ takes the form of /banN/ and enters in to morphological constructions in the latter form only.
Both /mena?/ and bano?/ are used in the indeterminate present. However,/mena?/ is also used with continuative present
mena? akange ai ‘I am remaining (here)’.
while/bano?/has past form in jan, where the personal pronoun may be suffixed to it -

ba aijanae ‘he has become non-existent’,

here limited to the third person.

Both mena? and bano? take part in impersonal constructions taking the pronominal suffix in between the roots and the f.v.m.

ba-me-a ‘you are not (there)’

Both of them are replaced by other particles like /tain/ ‘to stay’ and /ka tain/ ‘not to stay’ in other tense.
(x) Use of tana? and tani? :
The present indefinite marker /tan/ is often suffixed with /a?/ and /i?/ respectively to denote the presence or existence of inanimate and animate objects. In this sense they frequently replace /mena?/ standing for the sam function, as in -

daru tana?
‘there is a tree’
hoo tani?
‘there is a man’

/a?/ or sometimes even /a/, a stated before, is used for impersonal constructions, while /i?/ for personal ones. This is as given in *2.5.2.7.1 (viii) has to be identified as the third person pronominal /e/.
 

 

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