| 3. Elative |
It indicates movement outwards
and is marked by /-aral
+ -kke/ |
|
bi
|
kum
|
aralkke
|
gļyėdu
|
‘He comes out of the house’
|
|
he
|
house
|
inside from
|
come back is
|
|
|
|
| 1.4.7. Commutative
: |
| It indicates the person
or object associated with the subject in the performance of
the action. It is marked by /-lN/
or /-kl/.
|
|
|
|
gļyė
|
‘I shall go with you’
|
|
I his
|
with
|
eat
|
|
|
|
| 1.4.8. Genitive
: |
| It denotes possession or
inter-nominal relationship. Accordingly, genitive can be divided into
two sub classes- |
| 1. Possessive |
| It expresses possession
of a thing and is marked by /-kke/. The same marker is used with all
subclasses of nouns. However, nonhuman animate and inanimate nouns
suffix /-kke/ after the substantive particle /-dė/. |
|
isi
|
gured-kke
|
graki
|
‘This (is the) owner of the horse’
|
|
this
|
horse of
|
owner
|
|
dóńip l-kke
|
awė
|
dė
|
‘The son of the sun and the moon’
|
|
sun moon of
|
son
|
the
|
|
nekke
|
sari
|
isi du
|
‘The saree of the woman is here’
|
|
women of
|
saree
|
here is
|
|
|
|
| 2. It indicates the
relationship of a particular object with another object. The relationship
is more or less fixed. In other words, the possession of the object
is decided by natural factors such as kinship, relations, body parts,
talent, etc. |
| Noun takes pronominal suffixes
before the case marker. For human nouns, pronominal form /-bļ / and,
for non human nouns, /-dė/ are added to the noun before the case marker
/-kke/, i.e., |
| { bļ } |
| N +
{ dė } + -kke |
pįye-bļ-kke
|
awė
|
‘the son of Payeng’
|
|
payeng p.gen
|
son
|
|
ne-bļ-kke
|
mittup
|
‘(the) head of woman’
|
|
women p.gen
|
head
|
|
|
idi-dė-kke
|
amik
|
‘eye of the dog’
|
|
dog p.gen
|
eye
|
|
|
|
| However, when the governed
noun precedes the governing noun, the case marker is dropped. |
| 1.5. Classifiers
|
| The language makes use of
classifiers for denoting the semantic class of the noun. The semantic
criteria are (a) the physical characteristics of the object, (b) utility
and (c) shape in the descending order of dominance. |
| (1) Human nouns do
not take a classifier. |
