1. |
ove1
shuie
2
|
yes1
, it is2
|
|
|
|
2. |
moe1
shuimoe2 |
no1,
it is not2
|
|
|
|
3. |
ove1
shuimoe2 |
yes1,
it is not2
|
|
|
|
4. |
moe1
shui2 |
no1,
it is2
|
|
Thus there are four responses possible for the same stimulus. As
has been mentioned (fn. 19), response 2 treating Neg as part of
the proposition is not acceptable to some speakers. It is
difficult to see why it is not, when response 1 is, except that
response 4 is at variance with the grammaticalised
information-confirming expectation of the interrogating speaker. |
Since Mao Naga allows, in a continuous utterance,
a disjunctive between a comment on the proposition
and the speaker’s own averment, which could stand
independent of the comment, and further since
the affirmative and negative declarations in the
nature of comments can look upon the Neg element
as being inside or outside the propsotion, the
speaker’s initial comments on the proposition,
the speaker’s initial comments on the proposition,
of negation, are not complete and in fact, are
not meaningful per se. More simply put,
the negative comment viz. mo-e ‘no’ can
not stand independent of the speaker’s own statement.
Thus in
|
309 |
A: |
izho1
shui2
mo3
-do4
|
today1
is2
not3
a holiday2
, is it ?4 |
|
|
|
|
|
B: |
*mo-e |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
B’s response is devoid of sense because one could have
|
a. |
mo-e
shui-e
|
‘no,
it’s a holiday’ |
|
|
|
b. |
mo-e
shui
mo-e |
‘no,
it is not a holiday’ |
|
Note that, in contrast, a whole variety of languages allow this.
In English, for instance,
|
310A: |
|
‘is it not a holiday today ?’ |
|
|
|
B: |
a. |
‘yes, (it is)’ |
|
|
|
|
b. |
‘no, (it isn’t)’ |
|
both of B’s responses are valid without the parenthesized
sentences because in English, there is no disjunctive between the
speaker’s comment on the proposition and the speaker’s own
description of the actual state of affairs. In languages such as
English, such a disjuncture in the speaker’s response is possible
either when the speaker is his own interlocutor as in a(n)
(literary) aside or when the stimulus is a no interrogative
discourse. Supposing a debater ends with
|
311.
|
Spaker A: ‘India, then, has had no worthwhile cultural heritage’
|
one of his interlocutors respond with ‘yes (= that’s right; what
the speaker is saying is right), India has had no worthwhile
cultural heritage’. |
Note further that the impossibility of a response is sensitive
also to the expectation on the part of the interrogating speaker.
Thus, in response to the negated ho- interrogative
|
312 |
lo1
le2
mo3
ho mo-e4
|
|
will2
(you) not3
go down1
?4
|
|
(you) will not go, will
(you) ? |
|
|
|
|
one could have |
|
|
|
a. |
mo-e1
lo2
le3
|
|
no (= what you are saying
is not right)1
, (I) will3
go2
|
|
|
b. |
ove1
lo2
le3
mo-e4 |
|
yes (= what you are
saying is right)1
, (I) will3
not4
go2
|
|
|
c. |
mo-e1
lo2
le3
mo-e4 |
|
no1
, (I) will3
not4
go2
|
|
|
|
|
but not |
|
|
|
d. |
ove lo le |
|
‘yes, (I) will go’ |
|
Responses a-c accord well with, but d. is at variance with, the
expectation that is grammatical in A’s question. In the purely
information-seeking
|
313 |
lo1
le2
mo3
mo-e4
/ ama4
|
|
will2
(you) not3
go1
?4
|
|
there is no expectation of any kind so that both responses
appropriate to an information-seeking question are possible
|
a.
|
ove
lo le |
‘yes, I
will’ |
|
|
|
*b. |
ove
lo le mo-e |
‘yes, I
will not’ |
|
|
|
*c. |
mo-e
lo le |
‘no, I will’ |
|
|
|
d.
|
mo-e
lo le mo-e |
‘no, I will
not’ |
|