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3.4.13.5.2. |
Individual Choice Minus
Determination |
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218 |
1. |
ai1
to2 ma3
-büi le4 |
| |
|
left to myself
4, I1
choose4
not3 to
eat2
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2. |
ata1
to2 ma
3 -büi
le4
|
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left to ourselves4
we (excl. pl. & excl. prn.)1
choose4
not3 to
go2
|
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3. |
pfokho1
hayi2 sho3
ma4 -büi
le5
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left to himself
5, Pfokho1
will not4
choose to5
drink3
rice beer2
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4. |
ai1
kokru2
ma3 -büi
le4
|
| |
|
left to myself4
, I1 will4
not3
choose to4
/choose4
not3 to
play 2 |
| |
|
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5. |
a1
na pfo o2
ni 3 nieopüi-yi4
mono5 ma6
-büi le7
|
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|
left to himself
7, my1
son2 chooses7
not6 to
marry5
your (sg.)3
daughter 4 |
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|
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6. |
pfo1
pfosemüicü2
pra3 ma4
-büi le5
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left to himself
5, he1
chooses5
not4 to
go up3
to Pudunamai2
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| 3.4.13. |
5.3. |
Mental
Readiness to Brave Circumstances |
| |
|
|
|
219. |
|
ocü
rü1 ma2
-büi le3
|
| |
|
let it3
not2 rain1
; it’s O.K., I’ll face it3
|
|
The rest of the verbal
grammatical categories takes -mo as the negativizer:
Habitual, Iterative, Progressive, Immediacy, and Perfective
aspects, Past Indicative, Present Indicative (for
some verbs), the moods of Incumbency, Definite, Thwarted
Desiderative, Decisive-Intensive, Contra factual,
Conditional, Contingency, Concessive, Motivated Action,
Necessitate, Determination, Hortative, Permissive,
Hearsay, Stressed possibility, Inferential and Incomplete
event. Note that the moods of Surprising, unexpected
action, Completion, Speaker’s Perception of the Undesirability
of and Apprehensive Concern About the Action, Temporal
Concomitance, Unconcerned Neglect and Seriousness
of Action do not occur in the negative. The mood of
Action Contrary to Earlier State of Affairs displays
ambivalent behavior, some sentences occurring and
some not occurring in the negative.
|
3.4.13.5.4.
|
Habitual |
When
the Habitual is marked by -we, mo precedes
it ; it follows the Habitual aspect marker, co.
|
|
220. |
1. |
ata1
ipreso2
to-we3 |
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|
we
(excl. pl. & excl. prn.)1
eat3 elephant-meat2
|
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2. |
ata1
ipreso2
to3 mo4
-we5 |
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we
(excl. pl. & excl. prn.)1
do not4
eat3 elephant-meat2 |
|
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3. |
pfota1
h ki2
kokru-we3
|
|
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they
(excl. pl.)1
play3 Hockey2
|
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4. |
pfota1
hki2
kokru3
mo4 -we5
|
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they
(excl. pl.)1
do not4
play3 Hockey2
|
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5. |
pfo1
süda2 cü-we3 |
|
|
he1
smokes3
cigarettes2
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6. |
pfo1
süda2 cü3
mo4 -we3 |
|
|
he1
does not4
smoke3
cigarettes2
|
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7. |
camaikho1
cars2 -li3
vu-we4
|
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Chamaikho1
goes4 to3
church2
|
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8. |
camaikho1
cars2 -li3
vu4 mo5
-we6 |
|
|
Chamaikho1
does not5
go4 to3
church2
|
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9. |
a1
na2 larücü3
-li4 vu-we5
|
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my1
child2
goes5 to4
school3 |
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10. |
a1
na2 larücü3
-li4 vu5
mo6 -we5 |
|
|
my1
child2
does not6
go5 to4
school3 |
|
The following examples exemplify co-mo. Note that
there is no affirmative habitual aspect marker co.
|
|
221. |
1. |
pfo1
süda2 cü3
co-mo-e4 |
| |
|
he1
does not4
smoke3
(cigarettes)2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
2. |
camaikho1
cars2 -li3
vu4 co-mo-e5
|
| |
|
Chamaikho1
does not5
go4 to3
church2 |
| |
|
|
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3. |
cüheli
bas kaliko ta co-mo-e |
| |
|
no bus goes
in the evening |
| |
|
|
|
|
4. |
caakho1
cükothuni2
odzü akhrü3
co-mo-e4 |
| |
|
Chakho1
does not4
wash-body parts3
daily2
|
| |
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|
5. |
lokho-hi1
pfo2 pfü-yi3
odo4 -li5
ho6 khro7
co7 -mo8
-e7 |
| |
|
Lokho1
does not8
go6 to5
(the) field4
and help7
his2 mother
3 |
|
3.4.13.5.5.
|
Iterative |
The
negative of the iterative of the aspect marks typically
the absolute absence of the action rather than of
no repeated, no frequent action.
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