| 5. |
to-ō
|
ā€eatā€™ |
| |
|
|
| 6. |
ni sa ayi mani-ō
|
ā€show me your clothes
! |
| |
|
|
| 7.
|
sodu vu-ō
|
ā€come tomorrow !ā€™ |
| |
|
|
| 8. |
modo-ō
|
ā€study !ā€™ |
| |
|
|
| 9. |
saba ba-ō
|
ā€wear (the) shawl
!ā€™ |
|
|
-o carries a variety
of meanings as exemplified in the glosses in the following,
which are difficult to encapsulate in a generalized gnome.
What is more, -
and -ō
with some of the examples freely vary, as the
last example below illustrate : |
|
157 |
1. |
khu- |
ā€close it (=whenever
you find the door open, close it etc.)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
mani- |
ā€show (something)
(it is hidden or something)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
3. |
ohĩ
hru- |
ā€open (the) eyes (now.
They were closed or something)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
4. |
a he pe- |
ā€tell me (something
that is confidential or something)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
5.
|
cĆ¼khu hru- |
ā€open (the) door (it
is time to open it, there is some reason to |
| |
|
|
open it or something)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
6. |
pfo-yi da- |
ā€beat himā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
7. |
pfota-yi
mosĆ¼- |
ā€kick them (excl.
pl.)ā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
*8. |
ayi sa- |
ā€take meā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
*9.
|
odzĆ¼ akhrĆ¼- |
ā€wash body partsā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
*10. |
to- |
ā€eatā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
| |
11. |
opi ku-ō
/ku- |
ā€comb (the head)ā€™ |
|
-h o,
the dialectal, variants of which are ko
and kho,
is typically urgent and peremptory. It is typically an order,
blunt and clipped, and action is expected to follow ina
relatively immediate future. It could, however, potentially
become polite with the addition of zhĆ¼mazhi-o ā€kindly/pleaseā€™,
which, however, is not very common. When it is not impolite,
it is sharper than -lo.
|
|
158. |
1. |
pfo1
pen- i2
ayi3 pi-hi4
|
give4
me3 his1
pen(s)2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2. |
ni1
larĆ¼2 hru-hi
9o3 |
open3
your1 book(s)2
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
3. |
ohro-i1
oke le-ho2 |
peel2
the potatoes1
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
4. |
ni1
na2 ni3
ko4 rĆ¼-ho5
|
write5
your3, 1
own2 story4
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
5.
|
ovo1
hinahi2 so-ho3
|
do3
this 2 work1
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
6.
|
cu-ho |
run |
|
Note that with optatives of blessings, which have their
verb in the imperative (see 3.4.6.7), hi9o
is usually infelicitous because it is order-like :
|
|
159. |
*1. |
ni vano1
onamĆ¼i2 pajĆ¼3
hrĆ¼ vu-ho
4 |
| |
|
may4
you (sg.)1
bear4 many3
children2 ! |
| |
|
|
|
|
*2. |
ni1
ophi2 oba3
mosĆ¼4 sho-o5
ta-ho6
|
| |
|
may6
you1 sail smoothly
in life, with your legs2
and hands3 not5
meeting4 with4
any obstructions4
|
| |
|
|
|
|
*3. |
ata1
movuo peno2 mamĆ¼i3
moso4
-kolosu hrĆ¼-ho5
|
| |
|
may5
our (excl. prn. & excl. pl.)1
king/headman2
live3 mong4
! |
| |
|
|
|
|
*4. |
ni1
covo so-o2 hrĆ¼-ho3 |
| |
|
may3
you (sg.)1 live3
happily2 ! |
|
It
is important to distinguish between -hi9o
the imperative marker and hi-o which is composed
of hi the particle of visibility and o the imperative
marker as in
|
| 160 |
ba-hi-o
|
ā€wear and let us seeā€™ |
|
With -o being suffixed to the verb pi
ā€to giveā€™ which functions as a VR marker elsewhere (see
3.4.2), it would imply that the action is for or in the
interest of someone other than the doer/the subject. With
the right intonation, it could become a command; otherwise,
it is a no humble request.
|
|
161 |
1. |
sodu1
vu pi-o2 |
come1
tomorrow2 (the
beneficiary being the nonsubject) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
larĆ¼1
hru pi-o2 |
open2
(the) book(s)1
(the beneficiary being ostensibly the nonsubject) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
3. |
hinahi1
to pi-o2 |
eat2
this1 (the beneficiary
being the nonsubject) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
4. |
lire1
khe pi-o |
bake2
(the) bread1
(the beneficiary being the nonsubject) |
| |
|
|
|
-Ć³
marks a suasive imperative |
| |
|
|
|
|
162 |
1. |
ala-ó |
ā€stand upā€™ |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
2.
|
kro1
bu-Ć³2 |
sit1
down2 |
|
